Boston and The Dual-Powered King of the South Preview

1

Liberty Tree Plaque

The plaque is in the 3rd fl window above the Chinatown Entrance between DD and BKA at the intersection of 630 Washington and EssexIn the 18th century people often used natural landmarks like trees as meeting places, and important points of reference. They took on special importance when colonists started to rebel and become political icons internationally. At this spot there was a tree planted in 1646 just 16 years after Boston’s Founding. It stood on the only road out of town, Orange Street.…A copper plaque marked it “Tree of Liberty” and it became a rally site and symbol. Protesters posted calls to action on it’s trunk. Other towns named their own liberty trees – Providence RI, Newport RI, Norwich CT, Annapolis MD, Charleston SC. Boston’s rowdiest and angriest demonstrations took place there. “This tree,” complained loyalist Peter Oliver (Andrew Oliver’s brother), “was consecrated for an Idol for the Mob to Worship.”In 1768, the Liberty riot, a protest over the seizure of John Hancock’s ship, ended when the crowd seized a customs commissioner’s boat, dragged it from the dock to the Liberty Tree, condemned it at a mock trial there, then burned it on Boston Common. (See John Hancock Counting House)In 1770, a funeral procession for Boston Massacre victims included a turn past the tree. In 1774, angry colonists tarred and feathered Captain John Malcom, a British custom’s official, for caning a shoemaker, then took him to the Liberty Tree, where they put a noose around his neck and threatened to hang him unless he cursed the governor. (He didn’t, and they didn’t.) Finally, in August of that year, four months after Lexington and Concord, British troops and loyalists axed the tree down. (It reportedly made for 14 cords of firewood -- about 1,800 cubic feet.) Defiant to the end, the colonists simply renamed the tree “Liberty Stump” and continued to revere it. New York’s liberty tree was only cut down in 1999 and a tree in Annapolis is being restored using grafting.According to “The A to Z of the French Revolution” by Paul Hanson “In the midst of those uprisings often planted, or erected, liberty trees. This symbolic act grew spontaneously out of a traditional peasant custom in the southwest of France, the raising of a maypole at the time of the spring planting. The liberty tree thus borrowed from the maypole the symbolic meaning of fertility, but as a living tree, rather than a dead pole, it also came to connote growth and regeneration. The planting of liberty trees became a common feature of revolutionary festivals in 1790 with National Guards or municipal officials most often responsible for carrying out the ritual. If the planting of liberty trees was a powerful symbol of revolutionary regeneration, it is hardly surprising that the felling of these trees should have emerged as a potent counterrevolutionary symbol. Under ‘The Terror’, the cutting down of a liberty tree became a capital offense. Eight men died on the guillotine in sept 1793 for having committed that crime…One can still see in France today liberty trees that were planted in 1790.”It is quite an interesting coincidence that a tree is used as a symbol for independence, much like the garden of eden also had a tree that stood for independence.-Source Links-https://www.history.com/news/liberty-trees-symbol-revolutionary-warhttps://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/story-behind-forgotten-symbol-american-revolution-liberty-tree-180959162/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Tree

2

First Revolutionary Protest in Boston

637 Washington StOn Aug 14, 1765 in response to the stamp act Bostonians hung an effigy of Andrew Oliver, a Boston merchant who was appointed (without his knowledge) to collect the stamp tax. Shoemaker Ebenezer McIntosh had skills in turning out a crowd but had a penchant for violent protests, he was known for leading the South End’s brawlers in the annual anti-Catholic Pope’s Day riots. At 5 p.m. that day, McIntosh led several protesters as they put the effigy in a coffin and paraded it through Boston’s streets. “Liberty, property, and no stamps!” cheered the crowd of several hundred as they passed a meeting of Massachusetts’ governor and council at the Town House (now the Old State House). On the docks, some of the crowd found a battering ram and destroyed a building that Oliver had recently constructed. Others gathered outside Oliver’s house. “They beheaded the Effigy; and broke all the Windows next [to] the Street,” wrote Francis Bernard, the horrified governor of Massachusetts, “[then] burnt the Effigy in a Bonfire made of the Timber they had pulled down from the building.” The mob also stormed into the house, splintered furniture, broke a giant mirror, and raided Oliver’s liquor supply. Oliver, who had fled just in time, sent word the next day that he would resign as stamp commissioner, despite never formally accepting the position.-Source Links-https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/story-behind-forgotten-symbol-american-revolution-liberty-tree-180959162/https://www.history.com/news/the-stamp-act-riots

3

Boston Common - America's Oldest Public Park

125 Boylston St Downtown, Boston, MA 02116In 1634, the townspeople of Boston voted to tax each household six schillings for the purchase of William Blackstone's farm to be used as a community common.The newly established Common served a combination of public, military, agricultural, and recreational purposes. In the 1600s and 1700s, companies of soldiers from Boston and surrounding communities performed military training on the Common. During the winter of 1775 and 1776, British soldiers installed artillery entrenchments on the Common, and a garrison of 1,700 soldiers remained encamped there. Other early public uses of the Common included public hangings and whippings. The Common also served agricultural purposes. The Common was a pasture for cattle from the time of its creation through the early decades of the 1800s. As an early example of "utilitarian" conservation, regulations protected the land from overgrazing by restricting the number of cattle each family could graze on the Common.There were also indications the Common was a place for recreation as early as the 1660s. The Common still retains its original function for the people of Boston: a relaxing open space in a congested city. Boston Common is one of the nine parks that are part of the Emerald Necklace, a 1,100-acre chain of parks linked by parkways.-Source Links-https://www.nps.gov/places/boston-common-ma.htm

4

Sons of Liberty

111 Boylston St Downtown, Boston, MA 02116This path along Charles St was the former coast line in colonial times. The public gardens beside you were marshland and there were British Fortifications here during the war. AWESOME Interactive map with fortifications and former coastline:https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/siege-of-boston-map.htmIt started with a group called the Loyal Nine – John Avery, Henry Bass (cousin of Sam Adams), Thomas Chase, Thomas Crafts, Benjamin Edes, Joseph Field, John Smith, and George Trott. The group grew into the Sons of Liberty and were known to rally and incite Boston to riot. These mobs were organized and used tactics of fear, force, intimidation, and violence in demonstration of their goals. Sam Adams is credited with founding the Sons of Liberty of which the Loyal Nine merged into and it grew from there.…The Sons of Liberty grew from a secret group called the Loyal Nine, a secret underground society created due to the social and political fallout of the French and Indian War.That war took place throughout the world, was just one part of a larger conflict called the Seven Years War, a war that many historians consider to be “the first World War” The French and Indian War, coupled with the fighting throughout the globe, nearly pushed the British Empire to the brink of financial collapse due to the increased spending needed to fight an international war.As a result, the British increased taxation among the colonies and stationed soldiers of the Crown within these colonies to guard the Empire’s new territorial gains. The British Empire needed money and goods for their empire, and they turned to the colonies for both. They rationalized that fighting in North America against the French was to protect the colonists and their interests, and thus they should pay their share in taxes to help pay off their war-debt along with stationing British soldiers within the new territorial gains.So, the solution was multiple parliamentary acts to gain tax funds and to forcefully quarter soldiers within the American colonies via the Quartering Act. (See Long Wharf – Parliamentary Acts) The first of many taxes forced upon the American people was the Sugar Act, which taxed the transport and sale of raw sugar, molasses, and rum throughout the colonies. Smuggling, however, helped to circumvent this tax, but only partly. Because the British found a way to tax almost every aspect of colonial life, the Sons of Liberty instigated riots throughout Boston, which was why Boston developed a reputation through the colonies of being rowdy and rebellious.Even with the many diverse taxes imposed on the colonies there was a big difference between the rates from different areas. By 1714, British citizens in Great Britain were paying on a per capita basis 10 times as much in taxes as the average "American" in the 13 colonies, though some colonies had higher taxes than others. Britons, for example, paid 5.4 times as much in taxes as taxpayers in Massachusetts, 18 times as much as Connecticut Yankees, 6.3 times as much as New Yorkers, 15.5 times as much as Virginians; and 35.8 times as much as Pennsylvanians.-Source Links-https://www.bostonteapartyship.com/loyal-ninehttps://www.bostonteapartyship.com/who-were-the-sons-of-libertyhttps://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/who-were-sons-libertyhttps://www.history.com/news/sons-of-liberty-members-causeshttps://www.atr.org/how-usa-was-born-tax-revolt/

5

Church of the Covenant - Presbyterian - James Caldwell

627 Newbury StPresbyterians have been arriving in New England since before 1640. However, in 1801 the General Assembly decided that there should be no Presbyterian Churches in Southern New England (Mass), conceding the area to Congregationalist (Puritan) churches. This is not the location of James Caldwell but simply a later example.One particular Presbyterian of note is James Caldwell (1734-1781). He was a Presbyterian minister at Elizabeth, New Jersey, was one of the many clergymen who served as chaplains during the Revolutionary War. At the battle of Springfield, New Jersey, on June 23, 1780, when his company ran out of wadding, Caldwell was said to have dashed into a nearby Presbyterian Church, scooped up as many Watts hymnals as he could carry, and distributed them to the troops, shouting "put Watts into them, boys." Caldwell and his wife were both killed before the war ended.What fruitage did these spiritual leaders produce? Mt 7:15-20. Consider John 17:16 vs Acts 20:29, 30. What would Jesus have said seeing this?…This church was built in 1865-1867 by the Central Congregational (Puritan) Church and is now affiliated with the Presbyterian Church and United Church of Christ. The distinctive interior is largely the work of Tiffany & Co. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in recognition of its unique interior decorations in 2012.-Source Links-https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/religion/rel03.html#obj090https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbytery_of_Boston

6

First Lutheran Church of Boston - Peter Muhlenberg

299 Berkeley StPrior to this church’s construction Lutherans first settled in Pennsylvania and spread from there. This is not the location of Peter Muhlenberg but simply a later example.One particular Lutheran of note is Peter Muhlenberg. Peter Muhlenberg (1746-1807) was the prime example of a "Fighting Parson" during the Revolutionary War. The eldest son of the Lutheran patriarch Henry Melchoir Muhlenberg, young Muhlenberg at the conclusion of a sermon in January 1776 to his congregation in Woodstock, Virginia, threw off his clerical robes to reveal the uniform of a Virginia militia officer. Having served with distinction throughout the war, Muhlenberg commanded a brigade that successfully stormed the British lines at Yorktown. He retired from the army in 1783 as a brevetted Major General.What fruitage did these spiritual leaders produce? Mt 7:15-20. Consider John 17:16 vs Acts 20:29, 30. What would Jesus have said seeing this?…This church charter was granted by the state in 1839 making it the First Lutheran church in New England. It’s known for its 18th century North German Baroque Pipe Organ that is the only organ in Boston with an historically accurate sound for the works of JS Bach.-Source Links-https://allthingsliberty.com/2015/11/peter-muhlenberg-the-pastor-turned-soldier/https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/religion/rel03.html#obj089https://www.flc-boston.org/who-we-are-2/parish-history

7

George Washington

14 Arlington St(Note video is of a different location than this) Son of a prosperous planter, George Washington was raised in colonial Virginia and worked as a surveyor and fought in the French and Indian war. During the American Revolution he was commander in chief of the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War. Washington proved to be a better General than Military Strategist. His strength lay not in his genius on the battlefield but in his ability to keep the struggling colonial army together. His troops were poorly trained and lacked food, ammunition, and other supplies (soldiers sometimes even went without boots or proper supplies in miserable winter conditions). However, Washington was able to give them direction and motivation.…By the late 1760s, Washington had experienced firsthand the effects of rising taxes imposed on American colonists by the British and came to believe that it was in the best interests of the colonists to declare independence from England. Over the course of the grueling eight-year war, the colonial forces won few battles but consistently held their own against the British. He arrived in Cambridge 3 weeks after the Battle of Breeds Hill (Bunker Hill). In conjunction with Colonel Henry Knox he fortified Dorchester Heights with 60 tons of weapons captured from NY’s Fort Ticonderoga all moved during a brutal blizzard. For 2 days they bombarded the British from Cambridge to distract them and then at night several thousand men quietly moved heavy artillery into position on Dorchester heights overlooking Boston and its harbor. Logs painted to look like cannon made it seem as if they had even more firepower than they did. British General William Howe is quoted as rising the next morning and exclaiming in amazement “The rebels did more in one night than my whole army would have done in one month”. He realized his troops could not defend the town against the Continental Army’s elevated position and began the evacuation of Boston on March 17th 1776. All in all, George Washington spent very little time in Boston, but what he did had a lot of impact.-Source Links-https://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/george-washingtonhttps://www.history.com/topics/american-revolution/siege-of-bostonhttps://www.massmoments.org/moment-details/henry-knox-brings-cannon-to-boston/submoment/fortification-of-dorchester-heights.htmlhttps://www.nps.gov/articles/000/siege-of-boston-map.htm (Interactive Map of modern bos, colonial bos, and fortifications)

8

Fox Hill

Near 1B Charles St (On stone pillars of gate between the two parks)Fox Hill Plaque, 1925, marks the site of what was once the prominent gravelly bluff projected westward and overlooked marshlands. During the occupation of Boston, 1775 – 1776, the hill was fortified by the British.The exact site of the hill became lost because its location and shape changed from one 18th century map to another. Some maps, for example, showed Fox Hill as an island. In 1960, the roots of the hill were exposed in the deep excavation for the underground garage at the foot of the Common, and its location was pinpointed. Its height is estimated to have been about 20 feet above tide level. Clearly, Fox Hill had not been an island, but from the earliest time it appears to have been a source of sand for anyone wanting a small quantity for fill, mortar, or whatever purpose. The selectmen of Boston repeatedly inveighed against raiding the hill, which was town common land. The practice of digging away at the hill persisted, nevertheless, and generally at night. Strangers from Cambridge across the river are repeatedly mentioned in minutes of the meetings of the Board of Selectmen as stealing skiff-loads of sand. The reduced state of the hill by 1764 is clearly visible in the drawing by Lt. Byron made from the top of West Hill. (see usgs link)-Source Links-https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1476/report.pdf Page 45-48https://topsfieldhistory.org/BookClub/Massacre/Interior%20Boston%20map%20from%20Hindraker-2.pdfhttps://www.nps.gov/articles/000/siege-of-boston-map.htm

9

Royal Navy Plaque - World War Allies

Near 1B Charles St (On stone pillars of gate between the two parks)The Royal Navy Plaque was erected in 1945 by the British Royal Navy as a display of their gratitude to the people of the city of Boston. “The residents of the city of Boston displayed generous hospitality and friendship to the thousands of British Sailors during the World War II.”How did they do so?Shortly after the beginning of hostilities in Europe, the U.S. Navy organized a neutrality patrol utilizing several of the new vessels built in Boston. This patrol monitored the activities of warships of belligerent nations within 300 miles of the coasts of North and South America as well as in the Caribbean Sea. Beginning in 1940, the Navy and Coast Guard began providing escorts for merchant convoys bringing provisions, fuel, and military supplies to Great Britain in this neutral zone. The work of these escorts in the oftentimes rough waters of the North Atlantic was punishing, and the Boston Navy Yard had to focus on the constant maintenance and repair of these ships.After the fall of France in the summer of 1940, attacks on convoys bound for Great Britain increased dramatically. With the establishment of bases for the German Kriegsmarine (Navy) and Luftwaffe (Air Force) in France, losses in merchant shipping and British escorts nearly surpassed the production capacity of North American and British shipyards. To keep the British in the fight, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt pledged that America would provide all assistance “short of war.”Under the “Destroyers for Bases Agreement,” arranged between the governments of the United States and Great Britain in 1940, fifty WWI era destroyers were transferred to the Royal Navy for desperately needed escorts in return for 99-year leases that allowed for the establishment of American military bases in British Territories from Canada to the Caribbean. In September 1940 the Boston Navy Yard was tasked with overhauling and outfitting the first eighteen destroyers that the US Navy was transferring to the Royal Navy. Working as quickly as possible, the shipyard’s labor force had these ships ready for transfer within a matter of days.By the summer of 1941, the Boston Navy Yard was a hive of activity; the yard’s labor force had increased from 3,875 in January 1939 to 18,272 in order to meet the increased demand for new ship construction.For every year of the war the United States Navy awarded the Yard an “E” for excellence for the precision and quality of the work completed. Between September 8, 1939 when a limited national emergency was declared and the wars end in 1945, the Boston Navy Yard launched 303 vessels and commissioned another 120 ships that were constructed at private yards. In addition, it overhauled 1108 vessels; another seventy-four underwent extensive conversion, and 3260 were repaired. In the postwar, the shipyard largely reverted back to a ship repair and modernization facility, a role it fulfilled until its closure in 1974.This is one of the many connections of how America and Britain forgave the past and became allies during the World Wars, solidifying them into the prophesied Anglo-American World Power as described in Daniel.-Source Links-https://www.nps.gov/articles/bny_wwi.htmhttps://www.nps.gov/articles/the-boston-navy-yard-during-world-war-ii.htm

10

Carty Parade Ground - Redcoat Field

Near 48 Beacon StCarty Parade Ground had earned a bit of a reputation for its rioting. Boston was home to nearly 30 riots in about 65 years from ‘the draft’, customs regulations, brothers, impressment of sailors, Catholicism, taxes, and food. Even the Police went on strike.The reason for the Press Gang Riots was that the British Royal Navy had a predilection for capturing or impressing random American seamen and tradesmen and forcing them to work aboard British warships. Gov William Shirley tried to call out the upper-class, but militiamen refused to respond. These responses taught Boston that authorities couldn’t do much to suppress large-scale uprisings.Also referred to as a "training field," over 1,000 Redcoats made camp on the Common in this area during the British occupation of Boston in 1775. It was from here that three brigades of Redcoats embarked to make the fateful trip to Lexington and Concord. Boston Common has, and continues to, serve a higher purpose as a place for public and military displays for three centuries. Carty Parade Ground and was only officially named Carty Parade Ground in 1963 for Thomas J. Carty, Captain, Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company. There is a round plaque in pavement where all the paths intersect, but it encompasses this entire flat area of the Commons, as the original shoreline was on the other side of Charles St.(The video linked is of the British Strategy during the Revolutionary War.)-Source Links-https://www.cityofboston.gov/images_documents/boston%20Common%20History%20&%20Map_tcm3-30691.pdfhttps://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/british-army-bostonhttps://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d235/9b3c69f09b3313fc74cc8e892ed7b098eb93.pdf

11

Powderhouse

According to the First colonial map from 1722 by John Bonner at the top of this hill was gunpowder storage during the Siege of Boston. A brick was found by archaeologists in the remaining foundations of the 1706 Powder House that stood on the central hill of Boston Common. The Powder House held the town's reserve of gunpowder safely away from its residents and buildings. Two men guarded it at night and on holidays. Today, the hill is near the Soldiers and Sailors Monument.In September of 1774 the colonial spy network of messengers and observers was tested when the British seized the gunpower stored in a similar tower in Somerville. By the time the militias responded it was too late. The Powder Alarm provided a trial run for both sides and showed both the advantages and the deficiencies of the alarm system that Paul Revere helped establish. That failed trial run helped them be better prepared for the next call – which happened on April 18,1775 and worked exactly as expected to protect the supplies in Concord as well as warn Hancock and Adams of imminent arrest.(For more details on gunpower look up Somerville Powder House Square and Battle of Lexington/Concord)-Source Links-https://www.boston.gov/departments/archaeology/boston-common-archaeologyhttps://archives.lib.state.ma.us/handle/2452/119004https://bostonarchaeo.omeka.net/collections/show/13https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/paul-reveres-ride-legends-myths-and-realities#:~:text=of%20occupied%20Boston.-,As%20a%20courier,-%2C%20Revere%20realized%20theMap - https://contrib.pbslearningmedia.org/WGBH/rttt12/rttt12_int_boston1723/index.htmlMap - https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/siege-of-boston-map.htm

12

North Sea Mark VI Mine - WW1

This is a Mark VI mine like the ones used in WWI in the largest and most rapid mine laying operation for it’s time called the North Sea Mine Barrage or the Northern Barrage. Larger fields with greater numbers of mines were laid during World War II. Within 5 months 56,571 mines such as this were planted by a joint effort from the Royal Navy and US Navy.German U-Boats were terrorizing the seas and putting a halt to merchant shipping, even of relief supplies in the eastern Atlantic. A similar barrage had already been placed across the English Channel, which had resulted in U-boats diverting north around Scotland. The North Sea Mine Barrage was intended to close this alternative route, and it also made it hard for the U-boats to get supplies. The most famous of the U-Boat attacks was the sinking of the R.M.S. Lusitania, a passenger ship, resulting in 128 American deaths which began the dialogue that resulted in the entry of the United States into the War in April of 1917.…The Royal Navy—and in particular Admiral Beatty as Commander in Chief of the Grand Fleet—was skeptical about the value of the operation and did not feel it justified the large logistical and manufacturing commitment required. The United States was altogether more enthusiastic about the operation, as the loss of trans-Atlantic shipping was a major domestic concern and this plan allowed the United States to play an active part in tackling this, while playing to their industrial strength and with minimal risk of American casualties. A minefield across the North Sea would require mining water 900 feet (270 m) deep, while no previous minefield had been established in waters more than 300 ft (91 m) deep. A minefield across the North Sea had been estimated to require 400,000 conventional anchored mines. An "antenna" mine developed in July 1917 was effective at the assumed maximum submarine depth of 200 ft (61 m), and 100,000 of these new Mk 6 mines would be adequate to form the North Sea mine barrage.U.S. Mine Squadron One (Yankee Mining Squadron) was ordered to mine the 250 mile stretch of the North Sea from Scotland to Norway. The Squadron placed 56,571 mines (including a record 600 by a single ship in 2 hours) effectively protecting North Sea shipping lanes and resulting in the sinking of 22 German U-Boats.The Mk 6 mine was a 34-inch-diameter (86 cm) steel sphere containing a buoyancy chamber and 300 lb (140 kg) of TNT. The mine was connected to its 800-pound (360 kg) anchor box by a wire rope mooring cable stored on a reel. The depth of the mine below the water surface was controlled by allowing the steel mooring cable to unwind from its reel as the mine was dropped from the minelayer until a sensor suspended beneath the anchor reached the bottom. The sensor locked the cable reel so the falling anchor would pull the buoyant mine below the surface; and the float extended the antenna above the mine. Each mine had two hydrostatic safety features intended to render the mine safe if it detached from its mooring cable and floated to the surface. The mines were intended to be safe at depths less than 25 ft. A ship's steel hull touching the copper antenna would form a battery, and seawater acted as an electrolyte completing a circuit with an insulated copper plate on the mine surface to actuate a detonating relay within the mine.The mine barrage was within a belt 230 mi (200 nmi; 370 km) long and 15 mi (13 nmi; 24 km) to 35 mi (30 nmi; 56 km) wide divided into area B off the east coast of Orkney, area C near the Norwegian coast between Utsira and Bergen, and the longest central area A connecting the two coastal areas between 0° 50′ West and 3° 10′ East. The Royal Navy laid mines in areas B and C while the United States Navy mined area A. The design of the minefield meant there was a theoretical 66 per cent chance of a surfaced U-boat triggering a mine and a 33 per cent chance for a submerged U-boat.Cleanup of the minefield was also a joint effort. Royal Navy minesweeping efforts involved 421 vessels manned by 600 officers and 15,000 men from 1 April to 30 November 1919. Twelve Lapwing class minesweepers and 18 submarine chasers were available for the first routine sweep of the United States minesweepers on 29 April 1919. Approximately one-third of the ships were damaged by exploding mines. Two men were killed in separate incidents while attempting to haul mines aboard to clear fouled sweeping kites. It had been assumed the Mk 6 mine hydrostatic safety devices would minimize the risks of this procedure, but sweeping gear losses increased after unreliability of these safety devices was recognized. Seven men drowned when the Richard Bulkeley was sunk by a mine detonation on 12 July. Most damaged ships were repaired, but SC-38 was declared a total loss. Three more men of the minesweeping force were killed in individual accidents involving sweeping gear before Strauss declared the barrage cleared on 30 September 1919. The minesweepers found only about 25 to 30 percent of the mines laid a year earlier; but it was assumed the others had either broken free, sunk to the bottom, or been destroyed by premature explosions. Strauss was recognized as a Knight Commander of St Michael and St George for his efforts; but doubts about effectiveness of the minesweeping effort persisted into the 21st century.Late into 1919 losses of civilian ships to North Sea mines continued; the origin of the mine in these cases was often difficult to determine. In 1919, twenty crewmen drowned when the Swedish steamship Hollander sank, minutes after striking a mine in October; and the steamer Kerwood struck a mine and sank on 1 December.This is one of the many connections of how America and Britain forgave the past and became allies during the World Wars, solidifying them into the prophesied Anglo-American World Power as described in Daniel.-Source Links-https://www.tourofhonor.com/pages/2013ma_boston.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea_Mine_Barragehttps://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/museums/nmusn/new-nmusn/behind-the-scenes/curator/general/weapons/mark-6-mine.htmlhttps://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=148926

13

"The Great Elm"

There is a plaque in the grass that you can only see when you're standing on it.America’s oldest public park originally was used to graze local livestock from 1634 to 1830. The Common became a site for Puritanical punishments, home to a whipping post, pillory, and stocks. Pirates, murderers, and witches were hanged from the tree known as "The Great Elm," (also used as a Liberty Tree type symbol) now gone. Mary Dyer and three other Quakers were also hanged in Boston Neck for their beliefs. A statue of Mary Dyer now stands on the Massachusetts State House lawn. The tree grew older and weaker over time and finally toppled in 1876.An inscription was placed on the surrounding protective fence in 1854 which is now replaced with a stone plaque in the grass. The old inscription read:“THE OLD ELM. This tree has been standing here for an unknown period. It is believed to have existed before the settlement of Boston, being fully grown in 1722. Exhibited marks of old age in 1792 and was nearly destroyed by a storm in 1832. Protected by an iron fence in 1854. J. V. C. Smith, Mayor.”-Source Links-https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=176868http://www.celebrateboston.com/ghost/boston-neck-executions.htmhttp://www.celebrateboston.com/sites/boston-common-great-elm.htm

14

Faith Robinson Trumbull

This location was chosen to sit for a moment and look at this silk art piece in more detail near where the Great Elm once stood. This piece is one artistic example of how colonists mixed religious ideas and politics. It was common in sermons, books, broadsides, newspapers, and even in little cartoons.Faith was the wife of Governor Jonathan Trumbull, an artist whose mother was born in Duxbury CT. She came to Boston to learn sewing from shopkeeper Elizabeth Murray Campbell Smith Inman. The location of that shop is unknown. This particular piece is in the Art Museum at Connecticut College, New London, Connecticut. It’s called “The Hanging of Absalom”Thought to have been created soon after the Boston Massacre of 1770, this needlework is an excellent example of how many colonists understood political events in terms of familiar Bible stories. This is likely from the many political sermons common to the day (See Black Robed Regiment)The creator of the work saw Absalom as a patriot (hung in a tree similar to the Great Elm), rebelling against and suffering from the arbitrary rule of his father King David (symbolizing George III). The king, shown at the top left, is playing his harp, evidently oblivious to the anguish of his children in the American colonies. The figure executing Absalom--David's commander Joab in the Old Testament story--is dressed as a British red coat.What fruitage did these spiritual leaders produce? Mt 7:15-20. Consider John 17:16 vs Acts 20:29, 30. What would Jesus have said seeing this?-Source Links-https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/religion/rel03.html

15

Minute Men

Think of how rural areas handle fire emergencies. It’s a trained volunteer muster squad. And if the town doesn’t donate funds for materials, the men buy their own equipment. Minute men were like that.Although the terms militia and minutemen are sometimes used interchangeably today, in the 18th century there was a decided difference between the two. Militia were men in arms formed to protect their towns from foreign invasion and ravages of war. Minutemen were a small hand-picked elite force which were required to be highly mobile and able to assemble quickly. Minutemen were selected from militia muster rolls by their commanding officers. Typically, 25 years of age or younger, they were chosen for their enthusiasm, reliability, and physical strength. Usually about one quarter of the militia served as Minutemen, performing additional duties as such. The Minutemen were the first armed militia to arrive or await a battle.Prior to the war, America was being fought over between Britain France, Spain, and the Netherlands for “god gold and glory”. While it may seem extreme for soldiers to have occupied the town, this was normal for the time and place. Police forces did not exist in the 18th century British world, so soldiers were the default option for quelling riots, rebellions, and other disorders. Despite being frequently called upon to serve as armed peacekeepers, British soldiers weren’t trained in skills like de-escalation, peer intervention, or crowd control, which help reduce tension and the risk of bloodshed. For many generations, every town in Massachusetts organized and maintained its own “training band”; military or militia units, comprised of local inhabitants who would turn out in times of emergency, often acting as an auxiliary to the regular military forces of Great Britain. When the danger had passed, the militia would return to their homes and private lives. Generally, all able-bodied men between 16 and 60 were required to serve in the militia companies and would muster annually for drilling. By the 17th century smaller groups within the town militia were arranged as first responders and were quick, agile, and kept ready for deployment “in a minute’s notice”. These became known as “minute companies” and comprised about a quarter of the town militia. In general town militia were armed and equipped at their own expense. They were held in poor regard by British officials who thought them ill-trained amateurs at best, and country bumpkins at worst. At least until the Battle at Lexington and Concord.-Source Links-https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/what-minutemanhttps://www.ushistory.org/people/minutemen.htm

16

Crispus Attucks Memorial

Crispus Attucks – formerly enslaved sailor of African and Native descent who was the first to die at the “incident on King Street”(Boston Massacre) He eventually became known as the first martyr of American Revolution as people forgot about Christopher Seider who had died in a riot 11 days prior (see Granary Burying Ground).…Crispus Attucks’ life is far less documented than his death. He had an alias of Michael Johnson and was a sailor born in Framingham, Mass. His first name reflects the trend in the colonial era of enslavers forcing an Ancient Roman name onto their enslaved people. His first name derived from Crispus the son of Emperor Constantine. Attucks’ was of Indigenous origin, derived from the Natick word for ‘deer’ and he was described as mulatto or Indian in witness testimony. He was also in a 1750 advertisement in the Boston Gazette as an escaped slave. How and when he received his freedom is unknown, but it is possible that he used the name Michael Johnson to protect himself from a return to slavery. While he was in Boston on the infamous night, he was residing in New Providence in the Bahamas.On March 5, 1770, witnesses placed Attucks at the head of a group of sailors brandishing clubs and marching toward King Street. A crowd formed around a small group of British soldiers, hurling snowballs, ice balls, and insults at the men. Observers noted Attucks leaned his tall frame on his cordwood club. Amid the chaos, Private Montgomery and the rest of the soldiers fired into the crowd. Two musket balls ripped through Attucks chest, killing him instantly. In the following days, the people of Boston held a funeral procession for the victims of the massacre. Because Attucks and fellow victim and sailor James Caldwell had no family or home in Boston, their bodies lay in state at Faneuil Hall during the trial.Defending the soldiers in the subsequent trial, John Adams painted Attucks and the rest of those killed as aggressors to justify the killing. He played to the jury's prejudices about race and class, describing those in the crowd as "a motley rabble of saucy boys, Negroes, and mulattos, Irish teagues and outlandish jack tars." In other words, those in the crowd were young, lower-class, Black, Irish, or sailors from out of town. Adams' argument led to an acquittal for the Captain and all but two of the soldiers.Town officials buried the victims of the Massacre in the Granary Burying Ground. Today, they share a headstone facing toward Tremont Street.In the 1800s, abolitionists in Boston, led by William Cooper Nell, held up the death of Attucks as the first martyr of the American Revolution. Nell's seminal work, The Colored Patriots of the American Revolution, fought the erasure of Black people from the story of the American Revolution.As a man of African descent, Attucks became an icon of the anti-slavery movement in the early nineteenth century as a hero who stood up and died defending his freedom and rights.The second picture is the coroner’s report.-Source Links-https://www.nps.gov/people/crispus-attucks.htmhttps://www.boston-discovery-guide.com/granary-burying-ground.html

17

Declaration of Independence Plaque

The Declaration of Independence Plaque was erected in the Common in 1925. The bas relief by John F. Paramino was based on a mural by John Trumbull in the Rotunda of the Capitol Building in Washington D.C.This political freedom came at great cost. It’s difficult to estimates costs considering incomplete historic accounting (sources linked below)Revolutionary War - American Casualties – Total Deaths 25,000, 8,500 wounded. 54 ships (out of 65 total) and cost approx. $101 Million ($2.79 Billion in 2022 terms)War of 1812 - American Casualties – 11,300-15,000 deaths (approx), 6,188 wounded and cost $90 Million ($1.7 Billion in 2022 terms)Revolutionary War - British Casualties – Total Deaths 51,000. 600 Naval Ships, and cost approx. £250 Million (about $2.04 billion in 2022 terms)War of 1812 - British Casualties - 8,600 Dead, wounded, or missing (approx)Those casualties don’t include French, German, or Spanish – all of whom got involved in the war and had more resources and more experience in battle than the colonists.At that time european countries had been fighting for dominace for a while. The Revolutionary war was only a small part of the power struggle internationally that ultimately let up to the Anglo American world power (aka King of the South) that we see today.In his prophetic vision, Daniel personally could never have foreseen how this would occur. From DP Ch 9 pp 137-141 : “The “three kings” that Britain thus ‘humiliated’ were Spain, the Netherlands, and France. (Daniel 7:24) As a result, Britain emerged as the world’s greatest colonial and commercial power. Yes, the “small” horn grew to become a world power! ...There was more to the “small” horn than the British Empire. In 1783, Britain recognized the independence of its 13 American colonies. The United States of America eventually became Britain’s ally, emerging from World War II as the earth’s dominant nation. It still has strong ties with Britain. The resulting Anglo-American dual world power constitutes the ‘horn having eyes.’ Indeed, this world power is observant, astute! It ‘speaks grandiose things,’ dictating policy for much of the world and acting as its mouthpiece, or “false prophet.”—Daniel 7:8, 11, 20; Revelation 16:13; 19:20.”Was the Revolutionary War legally justified? They drafted the Declaration of Independence like a Prosecutor’s Opening statement and a list of grievances (27 in total), a legal argument that the colonists were right to defy King George 3rd’s rule. For example, taxation without representation was the rallying cry but Americans paid far less in taxes than those living in Britain. They also ignored that many of the things they were complaining about was retaliation for their rebellion. https://www.history.com/news/declaration-of-independence-grievancesFrance proved instrumental to American victory in the Revolutionary war providing an estimated 12k soldiers and 32k sailors. France was the first to recognize the US as an independent nation and the two countries formed an official alliance in 1778. However, they did not become part of the foretold dual world empire prophesied in Daniel. Instead of becoming enemies, Britain and America put this past behind them in World War 1 to fulfill that prophecy. (See PROPHECY and Boston)(The video is on how Robert Morris helped America finance the war)-Source Links-https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/american-revolution-faqshttps://revolutionarywar.us/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Navyhttps://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1101999028Links used for statistics – including the conversion calculator:https://www.warof1812.ca/summary.htmlhttps://www.va.gov/opa/publications/factsheets/fs_americas_wars.pdfhttps://ussconstitutionmuseum.org/major-events/war-of-1812-chronology/https://allthingsliberty.com/2015/02/how-was-the-revolutionary-war-paid-for/https://sgp.fas.org/crs/natsec/RS22926.pdfhttps://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/war-of-1812-faqhttps://www.officialdata.org/us/inflation/1783?endYear=2018&amount=101000000 for conversion confirmation

18

Beacon Hill Friends Meeting House - Quaker

6-8 Chestnut StQuakers were founded as a Christian Movement by George Fox in England in the 1650s. While many groups came to America for freedom, once arriving in the colonies, if they didn’t match that state’s prevalent faiths then they faced persecution. What made the Quakers notable was how they are pacifists, believed in sexual equality, and opposed slavery. This became very challenging during the Revolutionary War and especially in Mass. They call their group “Religious Society of Friends” but are nicknamed “Quakers” as some fervent worshipers tended to shake or quake during services. Shakers are an offshoot that broke off from Quakers in 1747 because they wanted a liturgical service with singing and dancing but were not common in Massachusetts Colony except for some areas that are now part of Maine.…The colonies were founded as distinct Protestant societies with their own charters and, with a few exceptions, an emphasis on religious uniformity. Anglicans and Puritan Protestantism (renamed Congregationalism or Presbyterianism) became the two dominant forces in New England’s religious life for much of the 17th century.Quakers did not fit either group. They were a Christian movement founded by George Fox in England in the early 1650s. Quakers opposed central church authority and rejected the orthodox Calvinist belief in predestination as they insisted that salvation was available to all and came from within, by following the "inner light" of God's spirit and not from an institution. It was because Friends seemed to shake when they felt religious enthusiasm that they became known as Quakers. They advocated sexual equality and became some of the most outspoken opponents of slavery in early America. In October 1656, Massachusetts enacted their first ban on Quakers, and in 1658 it ordered Quakers banished from the colony “under penalty of death.” Quakers found solace in RI and other colonies, and later MA anti-Quaker laws were repealed.Because Quakers believe that every person possesses an inner divine light that guides them, they traditionally do not commit or support acts of violence. The Quakers opposed such activities as the declaration of American Independence, which led to the Revolutionary War (1775-1781), because they believed that “governments were divinely instituted and that they should only rebel should the government disobey the laws of God.”When they opposed the stamp act it was in peaceful protests and nonviolent actions such as embargoes. Quaker leadership’s moderating influence kept events in Pennsylvania and New Jersey comparatively peaceful compared to those of New England until the 1767 Townshend Acts (Intolerable Acts). Quakers who refused to support the war often suffered for their religious beliefs at the hands of non-Quaker Loyalists and Patriots alike who seized goods and property for their armies. Some Friends were arrested for refusing to pay taxes or follow conscription requirements, particularly in Mass near the end of the war when demand for new recruits increased.Lydia Darragh was a Quaker in British-occupied Pennsylvania and acted as a spy for George Washington while keeping her political ideals quiet from her Quaker community. Because Quakers were known as pacifists, and she kept her patriotic support secret she managed to outwit British spymaster Major Andre (who would recruit Benedict Arnold.)By the end, instead of suppressing conflicts the Friends were losing political support to more radical factions that supported violence. The individual Quaker's response to the Revolution varied widely. While some supported the colonies and others were avowed loyalists, the majority of Friends followed their faith and largely stayed out of the conflict.What fruitage did these spiritual leaders produce? Mt 7:15-20. Consider John 17:16 vs Acts 20:29, 30. What would Jesus have said seeing this?-Source Links-https://www.history.com/news/religion-13-colonies-americahttps://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/first-quaker-colonists-land-at-bostonhttps://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=3&psid=94https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/quakers-at-the-battle-of-guilford-courthouse.htmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quakers_in_the_American_Revolutionhttps://www.ushistory.org/people/darragh.htmhttps://www.battlefields.org/learn/biographies/lydia-barrington-darragh

19

John Hancock House - Beacon Hill

30 Beacon St plot is right here. This was formerly John Handcock’s House and cow pasture, now absorbed into the “new” state house. (For more on John Hancock see John Hancock Counting House near Long Wharf)This area was originally known for three peaks, called Tre-mount, and became an area for the wealthy to build homes starting in the 1620s. With a Beacon built to warn settlers of danger or outbreak it became known as Beacon Hill. John Handcock lived in a plot that is now part of the expanded “New” State House. It has continued to be an area for affluent housing as well as a lot of African American Regional History. A lot of the dirt making these hills were moved to build up other areas and fill in marshland around Boston.…When the first European colonists settled in Boston in the 1620s, the area of the city north and west of here that we now know as Beacon Hill comprised of three peaks. The colonists referred to this area as the Tri-mountain, or Tra-mount or Tre-mount. They also called it Sentry Hill. In 1635, these early English settlers erected a tall wooden beacon atop the hill to warn the countryside of any danger, attack, or outbreak. From that day forth, the area became known as Beacon Hill.Thomas Hancock, a wealthy merchant, built the first home on Beacon Hill in 1737. Following his death, and that of his widow, this mansion became the home of his nephew, the merchant and patriot leader John Hancock. During the Siege of Boston, 1775-1776, the British military took over this house and used it as their headquarters.At this time, British commander General Gage removed the beacon from Beacon Hill. According to historian William W. Wheildon: “After the discomfiture of the 19th of April, and on account of the gathering of Provincial troops at Cambridge, he found it necessary to increase and, extend his defenses; and among other things a small fort was built on Beacon Hill and the Beacon removed.” Following the British evacuation in March 1776, Bostonians quickly replaced the beacon. It remained there until a storm blew it down in 1789. The Beacon Hill Eagle Memorial, designed by Charles Bulfinch, now stands in its place as a lasting reminder of Boston's revolutionary legacy.Bulfinch also played a prominent role in the transformation of Beacon Hill into an enclave for wealthy and powerful Bostonians, who became known as the Boston Brahmins. Bulfinch designed the Massachusetts State House, completed in 1798.The north and western slopes of Beacon Hill, on the other hand, served as the home of a working- and middle-class community, including many free African Americans. This area became a hotbed of abolitionist and Underground Railroad activity in the years leading up to the U.S. Civil War. Today, the Black Heritage Trail®, the Museum of African American History, and Boston African American National Historic Site commemorate this remarkable and often overlooked history of Beacon Hill.-Source Links-https://www.nps.gov/places/beacon-hill.htm

20

Black Robed Regiment

28 Beacon StKing George branded rebellious "nonconformist" clergymen or “Political Pastors” as the "Black Regiment" (mocking them for the black robes they wore). This was a group of patriots who were all “robed” or ordained clergymen. These were local church pastors and preachers who were some of the smartest men in the land, bred in the best American Universities, including Yale, Harvard, and Brown. Many were also lawyers or held doctorates. These men led by action as some served in Congress, presided over influential schools, or led troops in the war. During the Revolutionary War these clergymen united around two causes: evangelism (enlarging God’s Kingdom) and freedom (liberation from England’s heavy rule). There were far more than mentioned in both this list and following summary.…Jonathan Mayhew – MA Congregational Pastor, “Herald of the Revolution”Peter Muhlenberg – VA Lutheran Minister and Anglican Priest, Brigadier GeneralJohn Witherspoon, NJ Presbyterian Minister, President of PrincetonJohn Peter Muhlenberg, PA Lutheran Minister, Revolutionary War GeneralFrederick A Muhlenberg, PA Lutheran Minister, 1st Speaker of the HouseAbiel Foster, NH Puritan Pastor, NH and US CongressmanBenjamin Contee, MD Episcopalian Priest, Rev War Officer and CongressmanAbraham Baldwin, CT Congregationalist Minister, President pro tempore of the US Senate and Pres. of Univ. of GeorgiaPaine Wingate, NH Congregationalist Pastor, Senator, and CongressmanJoseph Montgomery, PA Presbyterian Minister, Judge and CongressmanJames Manning, RI Baptist Minister, Pres. Of Brown UniversityJohn J Zubly, GA Presbyterian Pastor, Continental CongressmanMany more (but not all) are described below.Christian ministers both established and defended freedoms and opportunities not generally available in Great Britain. For example, when British Gov. Edmund Andros tried to seize the charters of RI, CT, and MA, revoke their representative governments, and force the establishment of the Anglican Church upon them, opposition to Andros’ plan was led by the Revs. Samuel Willard, Increase Mather, and especially the Rev. John Wise. When Gov. Thomas Hutchinson ignored the elected Mass legislature, the Rev. Dr. Samuel Cooper led the opposition.American resistance to the Stamp Act became so widespread because the “clergy fanned the fire of resistance to the Stamp Act into a strong flame.”, starting with Revs. Andrew Eliot, Charles Chauncey, Samuel Cooper, Jonathan Mayhew, and George Whitefield. In 1770 after the “Boston Massacre,” ministers boldly denounced that act including Revs. John Lathrop, Charles Chauncey, and Samuel Cooke. As tensions with the British continued to grow, ministers such as the Rev. George Whitefield and the Rev. Timothy Dwight became some of the earliest leaders to advocate America’s separation from Great Britain.Christian ministers did not just teach the principles that led to independence, they also participated on the battlefield to secure that independence. One of the numerous examples is the Rev. Jonas Clark.Paul Revere set off on his famous ride to the home of the Rev. Clark in Lexington where Patriot leaders John Hancock and Samuel Adams were lodging (as they often did). After learning of the approaching British forces, Hancock and Adams inquired whether his people were ready to fight. Clark unhesitatingly replied, “I have trained them for this very hour!” When the original alarm sounded in Lexington, citizens gathered at the town green, and according to early historian Joel Headley: “There they found their pastor the [Rev. Clark] who had arrived before them. The roll was called and a hundred and fifty answered to their names . . . . The church, the pastor, and his congregation thus standing together in the dim light [awaiting the Redcoats], while the stars looked tranquilly down from the sky above them.”That was a false alarm. At the next alarm, they reassembled, and afterwards 18 Americans lay on Lexington Green; 7 were dead – all from the Rev. Clark’s church. Headley concluded, “The teachings of the pulpit of Lexington caused the first blow to be struck for American Independence,” and historian James Adams added that “the patriotic preaching of the Reverend Jonas Clark primed those guns.”When the British troops left Lexington, they fought at Concord Bridge and headed back to Boston, encountering increasing American resistance on their return. Many who awaited the British along the road were local pastors (such as the Rev. Phillips Payson and the Rev. Benjamin Balch) who had heard of the attack, taken up their own arms, and rallied their congregations to meet the returning British. As word of the attack spread wider, pastors from other areas also responded.For example, when word reached VT, the Rev. David Avery promptly gathered 20 men and marched toward Boston recruiting additional troops along the way, and the Rev. Stephen Farrar of NH led 97 of his parishioners to Boston. The ranks of resistance to the British swelled through the efforts of Christian ministers who “were far more effective than army recruiters in rounding up citizen-soldiers.”Weeks later when the Americans fought the British at Bunker Hill, American ministers again delved headlong into the fray. For example, when the Rev. David Grosvenor heard that the battle had commenced, he leapt from his pulpit – rifle in hand – and promptly marched to the scene of action, as did the Rev. Jonathan French.This pattern was common through the Revolution – as when the Rev. Thomas Reed marched to the defense of Philadelphia against British General Howe; the Rev. John Steele led American forces in attacking the British; the Rev. Isaac Lewis helped lead the resistance to the British landing at Norwalk, CT; the Rev. Joseph Willard raised two full companies and then marched with them to battle; the Rev. James Latta, joined his parishioners as a common soldier; and the Rev. William Graham joined the military as a rifleman to encourage others in his parish to do the same. Many others served the army as Chaplains.There are many additional examples. Because of their strong leadership, ministers were often targeted by the British. For example, Rev Naphtali Daggett, President of Yale fired by his lonesome on hundreds of British Soldiers. He was captured and tortured, never recovering from those wounds. Rev James Caldwell offered similar resistance in NJ and so the British burned his church, then he and his family were murdered.The British abused, killed, or imprisoned many other clergymen, who often suffered harsher treatment and more severe penalties than did ordinary imprisoned soldiers. As a result, of the 19 church buildings in New York City, 10 were destroyed by the British. This pattern was repeated throughout many other parts of the country including Virginia.In 1687, the Rev. John Wise was already teaching that “taxation without representation is tyranny,” the “consent of the governed” was the foundation of government, and that “every man must be acknowledged equal to every man.” In 1772 with the Revolution on the horizon, two of Wise’s works were reprinted by leading patriots and the Sons of Liberty to refresh America’s understanding of the core Biblical principles of government. As historian Benjamin Morris affirmed in 1864: “[S]ome of the most glittering sentences in the immortal Declaration of Independence are almost literal quotations from this [1772 reprinted] essay of John Wise. . . . It was used as a political text-book in the great struggle for freedom.” President Calvin Coolidge similarly acknowledged: “The thoughts [in the Declaration] can very largely be traced back to what John Wise was writing in 1710.”John Adams rejoiced that “the pulpits have thundered” and specifically identified several ministers as being among the “characters the most conspicuous, the most ardent, and influential” in the “awakening and a revival of American principles and feelings” that led to American independence. It was Christian ministers who laid the intellectual basis for American Independence. It is strange to think that the rights listed in the Declaration of Independence were nothing more than a listing of sermon topics that had been preached from the pulpit in the two decades leading up to the American Revolution, but such was the case.See “RELIGION and the Revolutionary War” for how the colonies were so religiously and politically divided and why it was unusual for them to unify to fight Britain.What fruitage did these spiritual leaders produce? Mt 7:15-20. Consider John 17:16 vs Acts 20:29, 30. What would Jesus have said seeing this?-Source Links-*** http://nationalblackroberegiment.com/history-of-the-black-robe-regiment/ ***https://teachinghistory.org/history-content/ask-a-historian/24635https://rickchromey.com/the-black-robe-regiment-how-a-group-of-patriots-founded-america/

21

Mary Dyer and Dissenters

201 Bowdoin StMary Dyer was a British born religious figure whose martyrdom to her Quaker faith helped relieve the persecution of that group in the Mass Bay Colony. She came to Boston, converted under Anne Hutchinson, was banished to Rhode Island, then returned to New England in 1657 and took up missionary work on behalf of the Quakers despite severe anti-quaker laws which made it perilous. She was imprisoned in Boston in 1657 and 1659 before being formally banished with the threat of execution should she return. She did return in October. Arrested and condemned, she was reprieved while at the gallows (two others were hanged that day) by the intercession of her son and the governors of Connecticut and Nova Scotia. She was again expelled. In May 1660 she returned again in obedience to her conscience and in defiance of the law. She was hanged publicly on June 1, 1660. Her death gradually came to be considered a martyrdom even in Massachusetts, where it hastened the easing of anti-Quaker statues.(Video includes other religious dissenters including Roger Williams, Anne Hutchinson, and Robert Kane)What fruitage did these spiritual leaders produce? Mt 7:15-20. Consider John 17:16 vs Acts 20:29, 30. What would Jesus have said seeing this?-Source Links-https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mary-Barrett-Dyer

22

American Revolution Monument

Ashburton ParkThe original monument was first installed in 1790 and designed by Charles Bulfinch to honor the beacon that was on appropriately named, Beacon Hill. At times Beacon fires were lit on the hill to communicate messages or warn townspeople of danger. It became a wooden pole on which was a tar bucket, and in case of emergency someone would climb the pole and ignite the bucket. This was commemorated in the Bulfinch monument with the gilded eagle on top.Boston was initially called Tri-mount for the three hills of this area of Boston. Those were Mount Vernon, Beacon, and Pemberton. Tri-mount was corrupted into Tremont, and remembered as a street name. As the hills were removed to be leveled out and create land around Boston the original monument was dismantled. The eagle and column are new but the panels on the sides are replicas from Bulfinch’s monument.This was the first monument commemorating the American Revolution in the USA. This monument represents the mixed legacy of the American Revolution after the war. The nation was in a fragile state and celebrating violent mobs wasn't conducive to nation building. So certain events were commemorated, and others were ignored. This is why much was written in a passive voice and Samuel Adams - a key rabble rouser was entirely ignored.(See Video {in app while at location} for source material)-Source Links-https://www.masshist.org/database/viewer.php?item_id=589&pid=15http://www.wfrjr.com/data/monument/Boston/Eagle.htmlhttps://www.loc.gov/item/2003654250/

23

Old West church - Jonathan Mayhew

131A Cambridge St, Boston, MA 02114The first church was built in 1737. As for the church itself, it was occupied as a barracks by British troops during their occupation of the city prior to the American Revolution as it was one of the highest spots in the city. The British destroyed the tower to prevent patriots from using it to signal the harbor. So instead, Robert Newman (who was vestryman for Old North Church) along with captain John Pulling hung the lanterns used to signal Paul Revere at Old North church. Old West Church was rebuilt in 1806 by architect Asher Benjamin. In 1971 the internationally acclaimed organ was completed by Charles B. Fisk and dedicated. This instrument is recognized as one of the finest contemporary pipe organs in the world.In March 1747, Jonathan Mayhew became the minister here. Mayhew was a revolutionary, in theology and in politics, and was acknowledged as a great orator. His close associates included John and Samuel Adams, John Hancock, and Robert Paine. He was to them “The Herald of Revolution, the Assertor of Civil and Religious Liberty”, and the last of the great colonial preachers. One of Mayhew's sermons resulted in the motto for the American Revolution: "Resistance to tyrants is obedience to God."…He was eloquent proponent of the idea that civil and religious liberty was ordained by God. Jonathan Mayhew considered the Church of England as a dangerous, almost diabolical, enemy of the New England Way. The linked etching from 1767 of a bishop's mitre with the snake emerging from it represented his view of the Anglican hierarchy. https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/religion/rel03.html#obj082Jonathan Mayhew delivered one of the most influential sermons in American history in 1749. This was 100 years after King Charles 1 was beheaded for political strife causing civil war. Using this example Mayhew asserted the English constitution “is originally and essentially free.” England’s monarchs originally held their throne “solely by grant of parliament,” so the ancient English kings ruled “by the voluntary consent of the people.” After forty pages of such historical discourse, Mayhew reached his major point: the essential rightness of the execution of an English king when he too greatly infringed upon British liberties. Mayhew asserted that resistance to a tyrant was a "glorious" Christian duty. His tone was mostly conservative in offering moral sanction for political and military resistance. Some would say later that this sermon was the first volley of the American Revolution, setting forth the intellectual and scriptural justification for rebellion against the Crown. John Adams called him “the morning gun of the Revolution” dubbing him a “transcendent genius”.In 1750 one printed sermon starts with Romans 13:1-8 and says things such as “Now whether we are obliged to yield such an absolute submission to our prince, or whether disobedience and resistance may not be justifiable in some cases…is the main design of the present discourse.” Then he likens the parental headship arrangement and adds “Suppose this parent at length runs distracted and attempts, in his mad fit, to cut all his children’s throats.” Said children should obey so long as the parent is obedient to their God-given assignment, and if not, then they have “a reason equally conclusive for disobeying and resisting him.” He continues “What unprejudiced man can think that God made ALL (people) to be thus subservient to the lawless pleasure and frenzy of ONE (person), so that it shall always be a sin to resist him!” With these words he challenged the ultimate power of the King who had been standing as the Anglican Church leader “who has naturally no superiority over them in point of authority”.In 1765, with the provocation of the Stamp Act fresh, Mayhew delivered another rousing sermon on the virtues of liberty and the iniquity of tyranny. The essence of slavery, he announced, consists in subjection to others—“whether many, few, or but one, it matters not.” The day after his sermon, a Boston mob attacked Chief Justice Thomas Hutchinson’s house, and many thought Mayhew was responsible for fomenting that event.What fruitage did these spiritual leaders produce? Mt 7:15-20. Consider John 17:16 vs Acts 20:29, 30. What would Jesus have said seeing this?-Source Links-https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/religion/rel03.html#obj083https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Mayhewhttps://captainjamesdavis.wordpress.com/tag/mayhew/https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/becomingamer/american/text5/mayhewsubmission.pdfhttps://www.oldwestchurch.org/history

24

Great Awakening and the Revolutionary War

121 Tremont StEvangelical ministers expected a massive Christian awakening similar to the Protestant Reformation. Both scholarly and evangelical ministers thought this revival would start in America and sweep the world. (See Black Robed Regiment for some examples)The Great Awakening was occurring throughout most of the colonies and notably altered the religious climate. It was the first major event that all the colonies could share. Only the South and frontier areas lagged behind in the religious excitement.During the Revolutionary war a Philadelphia Lutheran pastor would complain that “The whole country is in perfect enthusiasm for liberty. Would to God that men would become as zealous and unanimous in asserting their spiritual liberty, as they are in vindicating their political freedom.”** “Seeing themselves as actors on the stage of salvation history, revivalists understood themselves to be playing a pivotal role in bringing about the Second Coming of Christ. Like most apocalyptic thinkers, revivalists envisioned themselves as a part of an epic and age-old battle between Christ and Satan, the forces of light and the forces of darkness. Jonathan Edwards was optimistic that the revivals were the dawning of God’s final plans for the earth, a defining moment for America within salvation history. According to Edwards, “we can’t reasonably think otherwise, than that the beginning of this great work of God must be near. And there are many things that make it probable that this work will begin in America.” ” {Ref 1} **While John Winthrop may have promised that the Massachusetts Bay Colony would be like “a city upon a hill,” (Mt 5:14) it was the First Great Awakening that truly provided the ground for the American colonists to begin to see themselves as a chosen people. They believed that God was working within the American colonies in a special way. Many Historians agree the Great Awakening helped prepare the colonies for the American Revolution. Its ethos strengthened the appeal of the ideals of liberty, and its ministers and the members strongly supported the Revolution. The drive for religious liberty against a tyrannical religious authority fed into the movement for civil liberty against the unjust political authority of the British in the 1770s. Likewise, the evangelical teaching that each individual believer was equal before God made it easier for people to accept the radical implications of democracy and to question authority.The Great Awakening was the most significant religious and cultural upheaval in colonial American history and helped forge U.S. civil and religious liberties emerging in the mid-eighteenth century. (See Black Robed Regiment for how the pastors influenced the colonists)What fruitage did these spiritual leaders produce? Mt 7:15-20. Consider John 17:16 vs Acts 20:29, 30. What would Jesus have said seeing this?-Source Links-{Ref 1} https://allthingsliberty.com/2016/08/great-awakening-american-revolution/#_ednref56https://www.history.com/topics/european-history/great-awakeninghttps://billofrightsinstitute.org/essays/the-great-awakeninghttps://www.ushistory.org/us/7b.asphttps://sites.google.com/a/egc.org/newenglandsbookofacts/new-england-s-book-of-acts/section-one-overview/history-of-revivalism-in-boston

25

Religion and the Revolutionary War

121 Tremont St See “Black Robed Regiment” and “Great Awakening” for examples of Political Pastors and how they influenced the colonists.To begin with, many of the colonies attempted to mandate strict religious practices. “Eight of the thirteen British colonies had official churches, and in those colonies, dissenters who sought to practice or proselytize a different version of…faith were sometimes persecuted”. This led to strict divisions between an already segmented colonial system and to the passage of laws that often-persecuted religious minority groups, some of which were worse than what they had experienced in England. Religion in Colonial America resembled the state of religious beliefs in Europe – bitterly divided. Groups coalesced based upon their religious beliefs. Being disowned from a religious community meant much more than being unable to attend church services; the former members were forced to seek new community and way of life. Many had to move to maintain their livelihood to a state that supported their changed beliefs.https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/gods-mosaic/ has a lovely infographic on the religious foundations of the 13 Colonies. Generally speaking, The New England colonists were largely Puritans, and the Southern colonies were largely Anglican. The Middle colonies became a mixture of religions which included Quakers, Catholics, Lutherans, Jews, and others. MA Puritan, CT Congregationalist (Form of Puritan offshoot), DE Lutheran, GA Anglican, MD Roman Catholic, NH Pilgrim aka Separatist, NJ Religiously Tolerant, NY Dutch Reformed, NC Anglican, PA Quaker, RI Separatist/Baptist, SC Anglican, VI Anglican18th-century Bostonians had no multiplexes, no casinos, and no pro sports teams, but they did have witch trials, the odd war or two, and entertaining, thump-thrashing sermons from the big guns like Cotton Mather and Jonathan Edwards. In “The First Great Awakening” in the 1730s and 1740s, preachers such as George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards invigorated the colonies with a revival of religious fervor.In the eyes of many interpreters, the First Great Awakening planted the seeds of a more individualistic and egalitarian style of religion that would blossom into the revolutionary spirit. In short, this was a generation of people who had, during their youth, been schooled in the importance of religious self-determination about their beliefs and loyalties; and even rebellion against the existing hierarchies of deference and privilege in defying traditional authorities such as their former ministers or state-supported churches.Religion played a major role in the American Revolution by offering a moral sanction for opposition to the British--an assurance to the average American that revolution was justified in the sight of God. As a recent scholar has observed, "by turning colonial resistance into a righteous cause, and by crying the message to all ranks in all parts of the colonies, ministers did the work of secular radicalism and did it better."Ministers served the American cause in many capacities during the Revolution: as military chaplains, as penmen for committees of correspondence, and as members of state legislatures, constitutional conventions, and the national Congress. Some even took up arms, leading Continental troops in battle.The Revolution strengthened millennialist strains in American theology. At the beginning of the war some ministers were persuaded that, with God's help, America might become "the principal Seat of the glorious Kingdom which Christ shall erect upon Earth in the latter Days." Victory over the British was taken as a sign of God's partiality for America and stimulated an outpouring of millennialist expectations--the conviction that Christ would rule on earth for 1,000 years.With each state fractured by religion, how could they unite to fight Britain? See “Politics and the Revolutionary War”What fruitage did these spiritual leaders produce? Mt 7:15-20. Consider John 17:16 vs Acts 20:29, 30. What would Jesus have said seeing this?-Source Links-https://nmar.org/impact-of-religion-in-colonial-america/https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/eighteen/ekeyinfo/erelrev.htmhttps://www.loc.gov/exhibits/religion/rel03.htmlhttps://www.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/feature/the-church-and-the-revolutionary-war/index.htmlhttps://arlingtonhistorical.org/the-minister-and-the-revolution/https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/anglicanism-and-revolutionhttps://www.facinghistory.org/resource-library/religion-colonial-america-trends-regulations-beliefs

26

Politics Racism and the Revolutionary War

121 Tremont StIt’s estimated 50,000 convicts were sent to America prior to the Revolutionary war. Other’s chose to leave to pursue religious freedom. This did not build a base of citizens who felt strong loyalties to British rulership. While many took pride in being British and appreciated the support in protecting the fledgling colony, many had already proved rebellious in one way or another in their original emigration to the Americas for a fresh start.“Up until then, each colony had its own government which decided which taxes they would have, and collected them,” explains Willard Sterne Randall, a professor and author of numerous works on early American history,“They (Britain) felt that they’d spent a lot of blood and treasure to protect the colonists from the Indians, and so they should pay their share.” The colonists didn’t see it that way. They resented not only having to buy goods from the British but pay tax on them as well. Ultimately Benjamin Franklin convinced the British to rescind the first taxes, but that only made things worse. “That made the Americans think they could push back against anything the British wanted,” Randall says.“The southerners were totally dependent upon the English to buy their crops, and they didn’t trust the Yankees,” Randall explains. “And in New England, the Puritans thought the southerners were lazy.” At the start, it was unclear whether the southern colonies, whose interests didn’t necessarily align with the northern colonies, would be all in for a war of independence. Many of the Founding Fathers including George Washington opposed the Coercive Acts but still wished to remain part of the British Empire. What they took issue with wasn’t the empire itself but Parliament’s treatment of the colonies, sometimes making egregious comparisons between this and their own treatment of enslaved people. This was in no way fighting for freedom as colonial legislatures denied women, free blacks, and propertyless white males the right to vote.What unified these divided colonies to declare independence? Racism! Britain offered African Americans their freedom if they took up arms on the loyalist side. This “stirred up fears of a slave insurrection in the South,” Randall says.John Adams wanted Americans to know just how astounding it was that America even attempted to declare independence. Getting all thirteen colonies to reach this same, momentous decision, Adams remembered, was “certainly a very difficult enterprise” and “perhaps a singular example in the history of mankind.” Colonists really didn’t know or particularly like one another. They fought with each other all the time. But something phenomenal happened in 1776. “Thirteen clocks were made to strike together—a perfection of mechanism which no artist had ever before effected.” Adams was bragging, subtly suggesting that the work he, Jefferson, Franklin, and the Continental Congress did was pretty much a miracle. This magical way of thinking created an attractive, exceptional origin story for the United States. But it covered up the work that Adams and his colleagues undertook at the time. That work was about publicizing stories to make Americans afraid of British-sponsored slave “insurrections” and Native “massacres.” He was hiding just how important race was to the founding. Patriot leaders found one thing that white colonists shared: racism. The founders embraced and mobilized colonial prejudices about potentially dangerous African Americans and used those fears to unite the colonists in one “common cause.” We know this because they cropped Jefferson’s antislavery sentiments but kept the accusation of ‘instigated insurrections. Yes, it’s written right into the Declaration of Independence as a grievance against King George for inciting enslaved and Native peoples or “domestics” to potentially join the King to destroy American liberty.It was one thing to win the Revolutionary war, even to defend independence in the war of 1812, but to establish a government that would last was quite an undertaking. American Founding Fathers wanted to avoid the corruption and include transparency and accountability. However, they had already failed to put together a functional government when the Articles of Confederation failed. There haven’t been many historical examples of a second chance, but they had one, and built a Democratic Republic. The origin of a Democratic Republic is actually Greek, and the American version was an experiment. At the end of the Constitutional Convention, George Washington said, "I do not expect the Constitution to last for more than 20 years." New-York Daily Tribune wrote on Nov 27,1860 “The social, and especially the political institutions of the United States, have, for the whole of the current century, been the subject in Europe, not merely of curious speculation, but of the deepest interest. We have been regarded as engaged in trying a great experiment, involving not merely the future fate and welfare of this Western continent, but the hopes and prospects of the whole human race. Is it possible for a Government to be permanently maintained without privileged classes, without a standing army, and without either hereditary or self-appointed rulers? Is the democratic principle of equal rights, general suffrage, and government by a majority, capable of being carried into practical operation, and that, too, over a large extent of country?”Not only did they not expect their works to survive, but they didn’t want it to continue indefinitely. This is why Thomas Jefferson spoke about the Constitution lapsing every 19 years, so that one generation could not bind another. While the founding fathers were very religious and looked to imbue the constitution with bible principles of equality and freedom, they were unsure of what a government ‘of the people, by the people, for the people’ would truly look like in the long term and if it would survive. They certainly never envisioned exactly how that government did fit the bible’s timeline, or that it would gain the power that it has. (Visit Yale University in CT where volunteers offer a bible tour on site for more on the founding fathers and their guiding principles.)-Source Links-https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/11/books/review/alan-taylor-american-revolutions.htmlhttps://news.stanford.edu/press-releases/2020/07/01/meaning-declaratnce-changed-time/https://time.com/6077468/united-states-1776-racism-slavery/https://www.history.com/news/american-revolution-causeshttps://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/ows/seminars/revolution/Adams-Niles.pdfhttps://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/102001089?q=america+revolutionary+war&p=parhttps://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-resources/teaching-resource/historical-context-survival-us-constitutionhttps://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/05-04-02-0363#:~:text=The%20establishment%20of%20our%20new,as%20a%20government%20of%20Laws.https://www.historians.org/teaching-and-learning/teaching-resources-for-historians/sixteen-months-to-sumter/newspaper-index/new-york-daily-tribune/the-american-experimenthttps://oll.libertyfund.org/quote/thomas-jefferson-on-whether-the-american-constitution-is-binding-on-those-who-were-not-born-at-the-time-it-was-signed-and-agreed-to-1789https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/creating-the-united-states/road-to-the-constitution.html

27

PROPHECY and Boston

121 Tremont St (For intro video click JW.ORG Prophecy Video)There are a few prophecies that Boston has seen pieces of throughout its history. They are quickly summarized here but for full details and the proper explanation see accompanying links.-Two Horned Beast – Anglo-America-“And I saw another wild beast ascending out of the earth, and it had two horns like a lamb, but it began speaking as a dragon. And it exercises all the authority of the first wild beast in its sight. And it makes the earth and those who dwell in it worship the first wild beast (10 horns 7 heads or Satan’s political system throughout history), whose death-stroke got healed. And it performs great signs, so that it should even make fire come down out of heaven to the earth in the sight of mankind.”(Revelation 13:11-13) This wild beast has two horns, indicating a partnership of two political powers. And it is described as coming out of the earth, not out of the sea. Thus, it comes out of Satan’s already established earthly system of things. It must be a world power, already existing, that takes on a significant role during the Lord’s day. This figurative two-horned wild beast is made up of two coexisting, independent, but cooperating political powers. Its two horns “like a lamb” suggest that it makes itself out to be mild and inoffensive, with an enlightened form of government to which all the world should turn. But it speaks “as a dragon” in that it uses pressure and threats and even outright violence wherever its version of rulership is not accepted. It has promoted nationalistic divisions and hatreds that add up to worshipping the first wild beast. (Corrupt human rulership throughout history as opposed to Godly worship)For Boston to fit this prophecy, England would have to become a global power, and the United States would have to separate into it’s own power. Then they would unite into one supreme global power that set up the League of Nations and then the United Nations (see very bottom links of this pin for how the UN is described in prophecy)https://www.jw.org/en/library/magazines/watchtower-study-may-2022/Revelation-What-It-Means-for-Gods-Enemies/https://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1101988028?q=figurative+two-horned&p=parhttps://www.jw.org/en/library/magazines/w20120615/Jehovah-Reveals-What-Must-Shortly-Take-Place/https://www.jw.org/en/library/magazines/watchtower-study-august-2023/Learn-From-Bible-Prophecy/ (Both Feet of Clay and King North/South)-King of North (Germany/Russia) vs King of South (Anglo-America)-“And he will muster his power and his heart against the king of the south with a large army, and the king of the south will prepare himself for the war with an exceedingly large and mighty army. And he will not stand, because they will plot schemes against him … As regards these two kings, their heart will be inclined to do what is bad, and they will sit at one table speaking lies to each other. But nothing will succeed, because the end is yet for the time appointed.” Daniel 11:25, 27“The king (of the north) will do as he pleases, and he will exalt himself and magnify himself above every god; and against the God of gods he will speak astonishing things. And he will prove successful until the denunciation comes to a finish; because what is determined must take place… He will act effectively against the most fortified strongholds, along with a foreign god. He will give great glory to those who give him recognition, and he will make them rule among many; and the ground he will apportion out for a price… In the time of the end the king of the south will engage with him in a pushing, and against him the king of the north will storm with chariots and horsemen and many ships; and he will enter into the lands and sweep through like a flood.” – Daniel 11:36, 39, 40While the prophecy is very detailed and fills the entire chapter and encompasses millennia – only a small portion is quoted above. As the identity of the king of the north and the king of the south has changed over time, several factors have remained constant. First, the kings interacted with God’s people in a significant way starting with the Israelites. Second, they showed by their treatment of God’s people that they hated the true God, Jehovah. And third, the two kings engaged in a power struggle with each other. For the time frame pertaining to local history, we see in Daniel 11:25 Germany and allies (King of North) vs Britain and allies (King of South) down through Soviet Union vs Anglo-America (Daniel 11:40 “pushing” includes Cold War – Korean and Vietnam) to today Russia vs Anglo – America.For Boston to fit this prophecy, America and England have to be allied in one global power against another. These global powers have drawn lines under different titles like Axis vs Allies, Communism vs Democracy, or CSTO vs NATO, but they still fulfill the prophecy. While this prophecy includes many more details and encompasses the entirety of Daniel Chapter 11, only a few verses are included here. See the following links for much more detail.https://www.jw.org/en/library/magazines/watchtower-study-may-2020/Rival-Kings-in-the-Time-of-the-End/ chart pics https://www.jw.org/en/library/magazines/watchtower-study-may-2020/The-King-of-the-North-in-the-Time-of-the-End/https://www.jw.org/en/library/magazines/watchtower-study-may-2020/Who-Is-the-King-of-the-North-Today/https://www.jw.org/en/library/books/Pay-Attention-to-Daniels-Prophecy/Two-Kings-in-Conflict/https://www.jw.org/en/library/videos/#en/mediaitems/StudioTalks/pub-jwb-080_2_VIDEO 20 min - King of North in time of the endhttps://www.jw.org/en/library/magazines/watchtower-study-august-2023/Learn-From-Bible-Prophecy/ (Both Feet of Clay and King North/South)-Statue: Feet of Iron and Clay – Anglo-America-“And just as you saw the feet and the toes to be partly of clay of a potter and partly of iron, the kingdom will be divided, but some of the hardness of iron will be in it, just as you saw the iron mixed with soft clay. And as the toes of the feet were partly of iron and partly of clay, so the kingdom will be partly strong and partly fragile. Just as you saw iron mixed with soft clay, they will be mixed with the people; but they will not stick together, one to the other, just as iron does not mix with clay.” - Daniel 2:41-43“In the days of those kings the God of heaven will set up a kingdom that will never be destroyed. And this kingdom will not be passed on to any other people. It will crush and put an end to all these kingdoms, and it alone will stand forever, just as you saw that out of the mountain a stone was cut not by hands, and that it crushed the iron, the copper, the clay, the silver, and the gold. The Grand God has made known to the king what will happen in the future. The dream is true, and its interpretation is trustworthy.” Daniel 2:44, 45Britain​—and by extension, the United States—​grew out of the Roman Empire. (Iron legs in the prophecy) Just as an iron structure mixed with clay is weaker than solid iron, so too the Anglo-American World Power is weaker than the power from which it emerged. The clay represents elements within the sphere of influence of the Anglo-American World Power that make it weaker than the solid iron of the Roman Empire. The clay is referred to as “the offspring of mankind,” or the common people. (Dan. 2:43) In the Anglo-American World Power, people have risen up to claim their rights through civil rights campaigns, labor unions, and independence movements. The common people undermine the ability of the Anglo-American World Power to act with ironlike strength. Also, opposing ideologies and close election results that do not end up in a clear majority have weakened the power base of even popular leaders, so that they have no clear mandate to implement their policies. Daniel foretold: “The kingdom will partly prove to be strong and will partly prove to be fragile.”​—Dan. 2:42;The prophecies about the immense image and the wild beast confirm that the Anglo-American World Power will not be replaced by some future world power. This last world power may be weaker than that represented by the legs of iron, but it will not disintegrate on its own. From Daniel’s description, we can conclude that the Anglo-American World Power is the one that will be dominating when the “stone” representing God’s Kingdom hits the feet of the image.​—Dan. 2:45. (Replacing human rule with divine rule)For Boston to fit this prophecy America and England have to be allied in one global power with both strong internal elements and weak internal elements. There can be no human global political power that replaces it prior to God’s Kingdom arriving on earth.https://www.jw.org/en/library/bible/study-bible/appendix-b/daniel-2-image/https://www.jw.org/en/library/magazines/w20120615/Jehovah-Reveals-What-Must-Shortly-Take-Place/-Small Arrogant Horn that Plucked out Three Horns-“While I considered the horns, look! another horn, a small one, came up among them, and three of the first horns were plucked up from before it. And look! there were eyes like human eyes in this horn, and there was a mouth speaking arrogantly.” Daniel 7:7, 8“This is what he said: ‘As for the fourth beast, there is a fourth kingdom that will come to be on the earth. It will be different from all the other kingdoms, and it will devour all the earth and will trample it down and crush it. As for the ten horns, ten kings will rise up out of that kingdom; and still another one will rise up after them, and he will be different from the first ones, and he will humiliate three kings.” Daniel 7:23, 24In the fifth century C.E., the Roman Empire began to fragment. The ten horns sprouting from the head of that fearsome beast represent kingdoms that grew out of that empire. Three horns are plucked out by another horn, “a small one.” This was fulfilled when Britain, a former outpost of the Roman Empire, grew to prominence. Until the 17th century, Britain was a relatively insignificant power. Three other regions of the old Roman Empire​—Spain, the Netherlands, and France—​were far more influential. Britain plucked those powers out one by one, removing them from their positions of prestige.By the mid-18th century, Britain was on its way to become the dominant power on the world scene. Even losing her colonies, she expanded and quadrupled her area of control from 1798-1805. By 1901 Britain possessed ¼ of the land area in the world. As Britain gained dominance, colonies in North America broke away. Even so, the United States was allowed to grow mighty, protected by British naval power at first (under the Monroe Doctrine) until they grew stronger. By the time the Lord’s day began in 1914, Britain had built the largest empire in history and the United States had become the greatest industrial power on earth.During World War I, the United States forged a special partnership with Britain. They had now emerged as the Anglo-American World Power, in accord with the other summarized prophecies that you just read. Of all the horns that grew out of the Roman Empire, this one, having defeated the others, grew eyes and a mouth speaking arrogantly. While we don't know what that means prophetically, we do see that internationally Americans especially have developed a reputation for just that quality.For Boston to fit this prophecy, Anglo-America had to grow out of the Roman Empire, then would attain world power by defeating 3 rival nations, then growing much larger afterwards.https://www.jw.org/en/library/magazines/w20120615/Jehovah-Reveals-What-Must-Shortly-Take-Place/https://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/101970886https://www.jw.org/en/library/videos/#en/mediaitems/VODPgmEvtMorningWorship/pub-jwb-080_7_VIDEO From 7:48min to 9:22min - Prophesy about Britain becoming a world power instead of France at Battle of Waterloo then becoming a dual world power with America-WEEDS/ FALSE PROPHETS-There are multiple verses which talk about a veering away and watering down of Jesus’ pure teachings during the ‘conclusion of the system of things’. Some are listed at the bottom but there are many more.In his illustration of the wheat and the weeds, Jesus foretold a great rebellion (apostasy) against true Christianity. (Matthew 13:24-30; Matthew 13:36-43) For a long period of time, true Christians and false Christians would be indistinguishable. Just as Jesus foretold, the apostasy flourished after the apostles died. (Acts 20:29, 30) While apostate teachings may vary, the various forms of imitation Christianity have all “deviated from the truth.”​—2 Timothy 2:​18. That ‘truth’ is what Jesus himself taught as no teachings would supersede the words he himself spoke. (John 8:​31, 32)Jesus also predicted that the distinction between true and false Christianity would eventually become clear. This has happened in our time, during the “conclusion of a system of things.”​—Matthew 13:30, 39For Boston to fit this history it has to have religious leaders promoting non-biblical theology, such as political agendas, during the period of ‘weeds’ (2nd century to 1914) with progressive clarification starting in 1914. Why 1914? That’s the year prophesied as the start of ‘the conclusion of the system of things’ and when the wheat would begin to appear through the weeds. (see link marked *1914* for detailed prophecy and explanations.)…“He presented another illustration to them, saying: “The Kingdom of the heavens may be likened to a man who sowed fine seed in his field.While men were sleeping, his enemy came and oversowed weeds in among the wheat and left. When the stalk sprouted and produced fruit, then the weeds also appeared. So the slaves of the master of the house came and said to him, ‘Master, did you not sow fine seed in your field? How, then, does it have weeds?’He said to them, ‘An enemy, a man, did this.’ The slaves said to him, ‘Do you want us, then, to go out and collect them?’He said, ‘No, for fear that while collecting the weeds, you uproot the wheat with them.Let both grow together until the harvest, and in the harvest season, I will tell the reapers: First collect the weeds and bind them in bundles to burn them up; then gather the wheat into my storehouse.’” Matthew 13:24-30 “Then after dismissing the crowds, he went into the house. His disciples came to him and said: “Explain to us the illustration of the weeds in the field.” In response he said: “The sower of the fine seed is the Son of man; the field is the world. As for the fine seed, these are the sons of the Kingdom, but the weeds are the sons of the wicked one, and the enemy who sowed them is the Devil. The harvest is a conclusion of a system of things, and the reapers are angels.Therefore, just as the weeds are collected and burned with fire, so it will be in the conclusion of the system of things.The Son of man will send his angels, and they will collect out from his Kingdom all things that cause stumbling and people who practice lawlessness, and they will pitch them into the fiery furnace. There is where their weeping and the gnashing of their teeth will be. At that time the righteous ones will shine as brightly as the sun in the Kingdom of their Father. Let the one who has ears listen.” Matthew 13:36-43“However, there also came to be false prophets among the people, as there will also be false teachers among you. These will quietly bring in destructive sects, and they will even disown the owner who bought them, bringing speedy destruction upon themselves.” 2 Peter 2:1“Furthermore, many will follow their brazen conduct (acts of shameless conduct), and because of them the way of the truth will be spoken of abusively.” – 2 Peter 2:2; 2 “I know that after my going away oppressive wolves will enter in among you and will not treat the flock with tenderness, and from among you yourselves men will rise and speak twisted things to draw away the disciples after themselves.” Acts 20:29, 30“Let no one lead you astray in any way, because it will not come unless the apostasy comes first and the man of lawlessness gets revealed, the son of destruction.” - 2 Thessalonians 2:3“For there will be a period of time when they will not put up with the wholesome teaching, but according to their own desires, they will surround themselves with teachers to have their ears tickled. 4 They will turn away from listening to the truth and give attention to false stories.” -2 Timothy 4:3, 4https://www.jw.org/en/library/videos/#en/mediaitems/pub-lffv_132_VIDEO Video - Specifically for Church’s role in WW2https://www.jw.org/en/bible-teachings/questions/christian-denominations/https://www.jw.org/en/library/magazines/w20130715/jesus-parable-wheat-and-weeds/https://www.jw.org/en/bible-teachings/questions/daniel-4-bible-chronology-1914/ *1914 and conclusion of the system of things*…For more information on what prophecies are in our future and why they’re important see links below:https://www.jw.org/en/library/magazines/w20120615/Jehovah-Reveals-What-Must-Shortly-Take-Place/https://www.jw.org/en/library/magazines/watchtower-study-september-2019/armageddon-is-good-news/https://www.jw.org/en/library/magazines/watchtower-study-july-2020/Be-Convinced-That-You-Have-the-Truth/…(From ‘Two-Horned Beast’) The following links pertain to UN, which according to prophecy was set up by the two-horned beast of Anglo-America. (Simply for clarification but separate from this tour)For Boston to fit this prophecy it has to be part of the Anglo-American power which would set up an organization that would reflect multiple political systems and be temporarily inactive before returning to power. That organization glorifies political powers above all. (While the UN does accomplish some good things now, it does alienate outside nations and support itself as the solution to man’s problems instead of God’s Kingdom) The United Nations Association of Greater Boston has multiple community programs and is headquartered at 200 Portland Street, Ste 500, Boston, MA 02114https://www.jw.org/en/bible-teachings/questions/scarlet-beast-of-revelation-17/https://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1101999036#h=29 pushing in the time of the end (Includes Korean war and the Vietnam War)https://unagb.org/about/mission-and-impact/

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Puritans (Congregationalist')

1 Park St Each colony government favored certain churches. During this time most believed that close alliances between religion and government benefited both the church and the state. Ministers were highly revered by the colonists. Although ministers were not allowed to hold political office, they made many of the most important decisions. In 1636, Harvard College was founded to train Puritan ministers. It was the first college in North America.Massachusetts Bay Colony was founded by (Congregationalist’) Puritans led by Governor John Wentworth in 1630, as well as John Winthrop and Thomas Dudley (who founded Boston). John Winthrop was an English Puritan lawyer, and popular founding Governor who had the goal to erect a pious Puritan state from an idea in Mt 5:14. He said, “For we must consider that we shall be as a city upon a hill. The eyes of all people are upon us.”The Puritans were members of a Protestant reform movement. They believed the Church of England was too similar to the Roman Catholic church and should eliminate ceremonies and practices not rooted in the Bible. Puritans felt that they had a direct covenant with God to enact these reforms. They were viewed anywhere from hairsplitters to hypocrites who cheated the very neighbors they judged inadequate Christians and persecuted other denominations. Some dissenters were banished, others hanged.The Pilgrims who landed at Plymouth Rock were another Puritan faction fleeing for their safety from British persecution. However, they were ‘separatists’ and felt people needed to renounce the Anglican church to worship properly. Puritanism survived in a wide range of evangelical Protestant groups, but even more so in the secular form of self-reliance, moral rigor, and political localism that became, by the Age of Enlightenment, virtually the definition of Americanism.…During the English Reformation John Calvin’s writings influenced a group which became known as Puritans as they were insisting on purifying the Church of England of what they believed to be unscriptural Catholic elements that lingered in its institutions and practices. They were nicknamed Puritans or Precisionists as a term of contempt. . Puritans did not use the term to refer to themselves, primarily using 'Saints' as a self-referent, and ‘Congregationalists’ as their group name.Some of the things Puritans complained about included: ministers wearing surplices (loose, white garments); people kneeling while taking Communion; ornaments, paintings and stained glass windows in churches; the playing of organ music during services and the celebrations of saints' days. They also disliked the power that the bishops had in the church. For example, many Puritans disapproved of bishops appointing church ministers. Instead, they suggested that ministers should be elected by the people who attended church services. This was considered threatening to the bishops as well as the monarchs that supported them. This led to ongoing friction between Anglicans, Pilgrims, Puritans, Catholics, and other factions.Queen Elizabeth saw the Puritans as a threat to monarchical government and feared that Puritans who complained about the wealth and power of bishops would eventually say the same thing about kings and queens. Under Queen Elizabeth I of England (r. 1558-1603 CE) they were accommodated (for the most part) while under her successor James I of England (r. 1603-1625 CE) they were persecuted and so many fled to America then.Puritans did not consider themselves separatists the way Pilgrims did. They called themselves “nonseparating congregationalists,” by which they meant that they had not repudiated the Anglican Church of England as a false church. But in practice they acted–from the point of view of Episcopalians and even Presbyterians at home–exactly as the separatists were acting. Pilgrims believed the church could not be redeemed and people had to separate from it. Both factions were persecuted under James I. By the end of the 1630s, as part of a "Great Migration," nearly 14,000 more Puritan settlers came to Massachusetts. The colony began to spread. In 1691, Massachusetts Bay Colony absorbed Plymouth colony, creating one large territory.For a century, Western Europe had seen many bloody conflicts between Catholics and non-Catholics, or Protestants. This led to problems both in everyday society and within the government. Europeans had seen firsthand the consequences of religious dissent. Many of those affected by these conflicts immigrated to the New World and brought their fears about religion with them. It is no surprise, then, that the founders of the first colonies in America quickly set up religious establishments similar to Europe. While they gave their citizens the liberty to practice their founding faith, they refused to grant much religious freedom beyond that boundary.While Mercantilism was the reason England supported establishing the 13 colonies, in an effort to build a positive trade balance and increase its wealth, the Puritans and others took it as an opportunity for religious freedom. While Britain struggled with leadership changes from within, as well as wars in Europe, North America, and its own English Civil Wars, the colonists were happy to receive the support in defending their newly claimed territories and enjoyed their religious and political freedom under England’s distraction and neglect.The English Civil Wars came to an end in 1651, which allowed England to turn some of its attention back to the Western Hemisphere with its original goal, that of solidifying its internal economy to create wealth. They found colonists were unwilling to trade solely with Britain or pay the taxes necessary to pay back the funds for colonial development and safety. England only profited from the customs duties, not the imports directly. As colonies grew, they experienced turmoil from wars, plagues, and religious differences which created social unrest that led to political changes that helped transform them into nation-states.What fruitage did these spiritual leaders produce? Mt 7:15-20. Consider John 17:16 vs Acts 20:29, 30. What would Jesus have said seeing this?-Source Links-https://www.americanhistorycentral.com/entries/mercantilism/https://www.history.com/topics/colonial-america/puritanismhttps://www.worldhistory.org/Puritans/https://www.ushistory.org/declaration/lessonplan/churchstate.htmlhttps://www.americanyawp.com/reader/colliding-cultures/john-winthrop-dreams-of-a-city-on-a-hill-1630/

31

Granary Burial Ground - Christopher Seider

95 Tremont StHere is where three signers of the American Declaration of Independence were buried as well as Paul Revere, Mary Goose (credited with being Mother Goose), and the parents and siblings of Benjamin Franklin. It’s estimated there are over 5,000 bodies buried there but only about 2,345 headstones. It’s Boston’s 3rd oldest cemetery.Christopher Seider – He was 10 years old, almost 11, when he died 11 days before the Boston Massacre. He was known as the first martyr to the American Revolution but generally forgotten after the news of the Massacre was sensationalized. There are three errors about the gravestone.…During the winter of 1769-1770, groups of citizens harassed the soldiers at every opportunity, pelting them with snowballs, and engaging off duty soldiers in fistfights. In this period of increasing mob hostility and divided loyalties, a local Boston merchant, Theophilus Lillie ignored the call for a boycott of British taxed goods, publicly announcing this in a letter to the Boston Chronicle.The patriots responded by placing an effigy of him marked “Importer” outside his North End store, to warn other citizens that Lillie was a loyalist and not to purchase from him. On Feb 22, 1770, customs officer Ebenezer Richardson, also a loyalist, attempted to destroy the effigy, and a mob quickly gathered to stop him. Throwing rocks, the crowd hit Lillie’s wife through a broken window and drove Richardson back to his house, and when they began to storm the house to wreck it, Richardson fired several shots at random from his window. The first shot was unloaded to disperse the crowd, but when that didn’t work, he loaded his rifle with “swan shot” or pea-sized lead balls. This hit Christopher Snider in the chest and wounded several others including a teenager named Samuel Gore. Richardson was rescued from the mob and taken into custody by a squad of British soldiers responding to the sounds of the gunshots. He was convicted and imprisoned for a time before being pardoned by the King for acting in self-defense then sent to Pennsylvania and ultimately returned back to England. That pardon only angered colonists.Snider was buried following an elaborate funeral parade from the Liberty Tree to the cemetery, during which angry protest speeches were made, demanding revenge for young Snider's death. Differing accounts report a crowd of 1,000 or 2,000 individuals attended. Snider's death was overshadowed 11 days later with the Boston Massacre. The original gravestone wore down and was replaced.The gravestone says Christopher “Snider”, that he died at 12, and that he’s buried in that location – however many corpses were removed in the 1800s and remaining headstones were reportedly moved in 1906 (due to the invention of the lawn mower) so no one could be fully sure exactly where anybody lay buried. The family name was spelled Seider in most legal records (but also by Sider, Siders, Syder, and Snider). The Boston Chronicle (Loyalist) reported he was 14 where Anti-Crown papers reported he was 11. According to church baptismal records Christopher Seider was baptized in Braintree on 18 March 1759 so he was most likely born in the first week of March 1759 then shot and killed on Feb 22, 1770. He was likely still 10 years old, just a little shy of being 11.What made such a young boy interested in the mob riots of the area? His parents were poor sending him off to be a live-in enslaved worker to a loyalist wealthy widow named Madam Apthorp. Depending on his terms as a servant, he was likely a student. It’s possible he was getting out of school and spontaneously joined in the protests but there’s no record of him attending a formal school. He was literate as some “heroic pieces” of writings were found in his pocket.Whether he was caught up in the drama of a riot, or actively interested in freeing America and becoming a ‘hero’, either way he was at the wrong place at the wrong time, hanging out in the wrong crowd, and right at the forefront of the action to take the shot to the chest.-Source Links-Interesting graves with descriptions - https://theclio.com/entry/22758https://www.masshist.org/database/viewer.php?item_id=318&pid=2 4 newspaper pageshttps://boston1775.blogspot.com/2006/05/christopher-seider-shooting-victim.htmlhttps://boston1775.blogspot.com/2006/06/christopher-seider-household-servant.htmlhttps://newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/christopher-seider-the-first-casualty-in-the-american-revolutionary-cause/https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/6910/christopher-snider

32

King's Chapel - Anglicanism

58 Tremont StThis location was New England’s first Anglican church. This was the official religion of Britain and so Anglican priests enjoyed the protection of the government and were supported by tax money even in the colonies. Citizens who fled to the colonies to escape religious persecution were unfavorable to Anglicans in their new territory, particularly in the Puritan Northern colonies, imposing stiff legal restrictions in these areas. Nevertheless, by the revolutionary period the Anglican Church had a presence in every colony and was the legally established religion in 5 of the 13 colonies.Throughout Western Europe, civil governments gave support to one Christian denomination. They granted them special powers and privileges, and persecuted men and women who held other religious views. When the first settlements began, Anglicanism was the established religion in England; in Scotland, Presbyterians had the highest status; the Dutch Reformed Church was the favored church in the Netherlands; and the Roman Catholic Church dominated in France and Spain. During this time, most believed that close alliances between religion and government benefited both the church and the state. Together, they could better promote morality, social harmony, and political stability.The problem was that those who held different religious beliefs became political dissenters by default. For British Anglicans this included Puritans/Congregationalists, Baptists, Catholics, German Priests, Lutherans, Methodists, and Quakers. Many of these groups persecuted each other once arriving in the ‘new world’.England was continuously at war internally or externally and needed money to maintain their military base and political power. The prevailing economic theory at the time was Mercantilism which is why the colonies were built to begin with. This way more resources would be generated internally and there would be more exportation than importation with other countries. However, the first volunteers to these colonies were investing businessmen, criminals, and those religiously persecuted by political elements within England. Which means most had already challenged religious authority. This may have led to the mentality of challenging political authority when it was deemed inappropriate.…Starting in the 1530s where King Henry VIII repudiated papal authority and transformed the Church of Rome into a state Church of England, people saw their monarch question beliefs and started to do the same, and this was known as the English Reformation. It led to more factions and divisions religiously amongst the people, as well as persecution if they chose a path outside of political support. Catholic Queen Mary I sent some dissenting protestant clergymen to their deaths and others into exile.Anglicanism got its start when Queen Elizabeth I replaced Mary as queen and re-established Protestantism as England’s official religion. It eventually became known as Anglicanism and was distinguished by the fact that the king of England was the official religious leader as well as the head of state. Under Elizabeth people in England were fined for not attending Protestant church services but they were not persecuted. This created an uneasy peace as the Anglican church continued to fracture and grow.In the 1750s, the British tried to strengthen their political control over the colonies through religious means that involved the Anglican Church such as funding and sponsored more than 300 minister missionaries until the coming of the Revolution. Despite this, Anglican churches were few and far between, and priests to serve them were even rarer. The feature that most set Anglicans apart from other American Protestants was the presence of bishops as religious leaders. The general populace found it difficult to feel connected to the ministers. Why? A few reasons.Many Anglican ministers put their material interest before the spiritual needs of their parishes, limiting their influence. Anglicanism was among the most hierarchical of early American religious groups, with individual congregations or parishes run by a priest, who was answerable to an English bishop. Finally, recruiting better clergymen was made harder because every Anglican priest had to be ordained by a bishop in England. The long and expensive journey to London was possible for only a relatively few men.Anglicanism was intimately connected to Britain’s effort to shape an empire out of the individualistic American colonies. Most people considered church and state to be mutually supportive and believed that one could not exist for long without the other. This idea was fundamentally challenged by the American Revolution, which ended with the separation of church and state. That meant that during the Revolutionary War religion was an important factor in deciding which side people supported.The American Revolution inflicted deeper wounds on the (Anglican) Church of England in America than on any other denomination because the King of England was the head of the church. Anglican priests, at their ordination, swore allegiance to the King. The Book of Common Prayer offered prayers for the monarch, beseeching God "to be his defender and keeper, giving him victory over all his enemies," These ‘enemies’ in 1776 were American soldiers as well as friends and neighbors of American Anglicans. Loyalty to the church and to its head could be construed as treason to the American cause. It was particularly unpopular in Massachusetts as Puritans pushed out all other denominations aside from their own including Anglican, Quaker, Methodist, and Baptist. Patriotic American Anglicans, loathe to discard so fundamental a component of their faith as The Book of Common Prayer (second picture), revised it to conform to the political realities. Most Anglican clergy, who have sworn loyalty to the King in their ordinations, stay loyal and had to evacuate to Britain or Canada on March 17,1776 which became known as Evacuation Day.What fruitage did these spiritual leaders produce? Mt 7:15-20. Consider John 17:16 vs Acts 20:29, 30. What would Jesus have said seeing this?…For the building itself, the original wooden church was built in 1688 and this stone church was built around it later. The bell was made by Paul Revere in 1816. After Evacuation Day the minister and loyalist church members fled north to Canada and the building was used for patriot and unitarian purposes.-Source Links-http://www.kings-chapel.org/revolution.htmlhttps://spartacus-educational.com/TUDanglicans.htmhttps://www.encyclopedia.com/history/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/anglicanism-and-revolutionhttps://www.ushistory.org/declaration/lessonplan/churchstate.htmlhttps://www.worldhistory.org/article/1726/religion-in-colonial-america/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Episcopal-Church-in-the-United-States-of-Americahttps://www.episcopalchurch.org/who-we-are/history-episcopal-church/timeline/ https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/religion/rel03.html#obj098 (Revised Book of Prayer to be compatible with the rising democratic nation and no longer include reference to the King) The Case of the Episcopal Churches in the United States Considered. William White. Philadelphia: David Claypoole, 1782. Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Library of Congress

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Boston Latin School - Benjamin Franklin

51 School StThe Benjamin Franklin Monument marks the site for the Boston Latin School, the oldest public school in America (1635) and still in operation today. Some of its famous students include Benjamin Franklin, John Hancock, Sam Adams, and John Adams just to name a few. Of those four students, three went on to Harvard, and one dropped out but then went on to invent the Franklin stove and bifocals. Now it’s relocated near Longwood Medical Area.Since the French and Indian War, Franklin supported the American cause. As tensions rose in the colonies, the Franklin press continued to publish pro-independence articles and stories. In 1751, Franklin was elected to represent the Pennsylvania assembly in the British parliament in London. He made connections in England with parliament officials and worked to settle disputes between the colonies and Britain. Franklin temporarily returned home until he was sent back to London in 1765 to testify against the Stamp Act. the Pennsylvania Assembly elected Franklin to the Second Continental Congress. While serving as a delegate for Pennsylvania, Franklin served as the United States' first postmaster general. In October 1776, Franklin was assigned the duty of Ambassador to France. To beat the British, the colonist needed European aid, and it was Franklin's mission to convince France to help the United States. In 1783, Franklin aided in the surrender under the Treaty of Paris.The seal picture shows Franklin’s proposal of a biblical themed official seal for the USA. Although not accepted the draft reveals the religious temper of the period.On July 4, 1776, Congress appointed Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson and John Adams "to bring in a device for a seal for the United States of America." Franklin's proposal adapted the biblical story of the parting of the Red Sea (left). Jefferson first recommended the "Children of Israel in the Wilderness, led by a Cloud by Day, and a Pillar of Fire by night. . . ." He liked the motto “Rebellion to Tyrants is Obedience to God” so much that he used it on his personal seal.Jefferson then embraced Franklin's proposal and presented the revision to the committee to Congress on August 20. Although not accepted these drafts reveal the religious temper of the Revolutionary period. Franklin and Jefferson were among the most theologically liberal of the Founders, yet they used biblical imagery for this important task. Franklin’s image is the icon for this point.The seal depicted is “Rays from a pillar of Fire in the clouds reaching to Moses” (See last link for source)Boston Latin School was converted to Old City Hall. For 104 years Boston’s mayors held court here until they move into City Hall’s Current location (across from Faneuil Hall), New City Hall (1969). It was torn down in 1745 to make way for an expanded King’s Chapel (See Boston Latin School Links)-Source Links-https://greatseal.com/committees/firstcomm/reverse.htmlhttps://www.battlefields.org/learn/biographies/benjamin-franklinhttps://www.loc.gov/exhibits/religion/rel04.html#obj104 Seal Source

34

Boston Goal/Prison

49 Court StThe jail or goal sat on Prison Lane (1634-1708) which later became known as Queen St (1708-1788) then Court St – about the back section of Court Square in the middle of the block down City Hall Ave alley (across from province st off school st). (1788+) round 1689, "the old stone gaol on Prison Lane [had] ... outer walls ... of stone three feet thick, its unglazed windows barred with iron, 'the cells partitioned off with plank, the doors covered with iron spikes, the passage-ways like the dark valley of the shadow of death.'" In 1704, a new building replaced the old on the same site. "The prison and its dungeon were considerably repaired after the great fire of 1711, in that neighborhood, which destroyed the town house and first church. The Leverett-street jail opened in 1822, replacing the old prison off Court Street. In 1823 the old gaol was taken down, and its materials were partly used in constructing the gun house and ward room on Thacher Street" in the North End.Many citizens turned to illegal smuggling to avoid the Sugar and Stamp Acts which were the first attempts of Britain to enforce tax collection. The average British citizen was taxed 25 times more than any colonist but despite this, colonists turned to illegal smuggling. These acts also denied offenders a trial by jury because colonists had a habitual tendency to find their smuggling peers not guilty. The Liberty Tree by Chinatown is where the first protest began in response to the Stamp act.-Source Links-https://www.history.com/news/the-stamp-act-riots-250-years-ago

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Abigail Adams

23 Court StHer grandfather was John Quincy – active in colonial govt and Speaker of the Mass Assembly for 40 years. Her firstborn son was named after him. She married John Adams when she was 19, and when he headed to Philadelphia for the First Continental Congress, they wrote letters which became historic correspondence. She was a key political advisor to her husband as many of the letters were intellectual discussions on government, politics, and eyewitness accounts of the American Revolutionary War home front.…Abigail Adams learned to singlehandedly maintain the household and run their farm in Braintree during her husband's absences on the legal circuit. This independence and self-sufficiency served her well as John became increasingly busy with revolutionary politics. She personally educated all her children, ran the agricultural activities on their farm, arranged smallpox inoculations for the entire household, and kept track of finances. When the non-importation acts discouraged use of British textiles, Adams spun and wove her own fabric to make clothing for the family. During the Battle of Bunker Hill (Breed's Hill) on June 17, 1775, Abigail and son John Quincy Adams watched the fighting from Penn's Hill. He recalled watching his mother sob upon receiving the news that their close friend, Dr. Joseph Warren, had been killed in that fighting.She is known in modern times for advocating women’s rights and education, however her letters come up often in the source links on lots of websites for eyewitness accounts to local events and surrounding characters. It was in her role as unofficial advisor that she made her greatest contributions to the early American nation. It is believed that Abigail and John Adams exchanged more than 1,100 letters.In November 1775, she wrote a passionate letter to her husband John, incorporating some delightfully colorful imagery: “Let us separate, they are unworthy to be our Brethren. Let us renounce them and instead of supplications as formerly for their prosperity and happiness, let us beseech the Almighty to blast their councils and bring to Naught all their devices.”Adams wrote her husband that she was "struck with General Washington," and that his appointment was received with "universal satisfaction." Adams further explained that Washington was marked by "Dignity with ease. . .the Gentleman and Soldier look agreeably blended in him."Abigail was John's all-encompassing aide-de-camp, chief of staff, and brain trust. However, her influence was not appreciated by all, particularly those who scathingly called her "Mrs. President." Today people continue to recognize Abigail Adams for her unique and important role in American history, particularly in the founding era of the early American republic.(See Grape Island for another excerpt from her letters)This location at 23 Court St used to house the Adams Building, where Abigail lived with John from 1772-1774 so they could all be close to his work at the courthouse. The family kept both this property and the farm where they spent most of their time at 135 Adams St Quincy MA. Both properties went to John Quincy Adams at his father’s death. This location remained in the family until about 1900 where it was torn down. The current courthouse at 1 Pemberton Square is named after John Adams.-Source Links-https://www.ouramericanrevolution.org/index.cfm/people/view/pp0047https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/abigail-adams/https://www.masshist.org/digitaladams/archive/letter/https://www.nps.gov/adam/learn/historyculture/john-quincy-adams-birthplace.htm (NPS Abigail’s Farm/Museum)https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/01-02-02-0002-0005-0001https://www.nps.gov/planyourvisit/event-details.htm?id=334CD5B7-C193-E3BC-EABA08CCA1480169

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Samuel Willard and the Witch Trials - Old South Meeting House

310 Washington StSamuel Willard, Puritan Pastor and President of Harvard College, buried in Granary. He was greatly affected by the Salem Witch Trials. These trials were an abuse of power by clergy and in defending the innocent he put himself at risk, speaking out against any in power who would misuse it.…Samuel Willard was born in Concord, Massachusetts, graduated from Harvard College in 1659, and was minister at Groton from 1663 to 1676, before being driven out by the Indians during King Philip's War. Willard was pastor of the Third Church, Boston, from 1678 until his death with many published sermons. He opposed the Salem witch trials and was acting president of Harvard University from 1701.Although situated 18 miles from Salem, Third Church became infected by the hysteria as soon as it began in 1692. Some of the members are accused. (such as Capt. John Alden, son of the Mayflower’s Priscilla and John Alden; and Mrs. Thacher, widow of the first beloved minister) Some of the members are accusers while four others serve as justices on the special court of Oyer and Terminer, which the governor has established to hear so-called “spectral evidence.” Mr. Willard is pastor to them all.Willard investigates the matter and finds the evidence wanting. At great risk both to his life and his reputation he positions himself between accused and accuser and publicly demands a return to reason. (In Old South’s portrait of Samuel Willard he appears to have a black eye) In meetings, letters, and sermons, he defends the victims of the hysteria. He emerges as this country’s original public defender, and his persistence is eventually rewarded. He is among those few clergy who finally succeed in persuading the governor to dismantle the notorious tribunal of Oyer and Terminer.Many pastors gave annual Election Day sermons to address the regions recently elected rulers. This was a Puritan phenomenon that lasted from 1634 through 1884. It was one of the means by which church and state were twined tightly together in colonial New England. The election sermon served as a centering and ritualized observance of the purpose of the entire Puritan enterprise. Election sermons were published and made widely available.Mr. Willard’s election sermon of 1694 is particularly significant. It is preached one year after the debacle of the Witch Trials, a calamity worsened at every turn by political leadership that assisted in and enabled collective madness. Now he reminds them that “the Weal or Woe of a People mainly depends on the qualifications of those Rulers, by whom we are Governed …”He describes civil rulers as “God’s Vice-regents here upon the earth.” “A People are not made for Rulers, But Rulers for a People, and just as there is a great Trust devolved on them, so is there an answerable Reckoning which they must be called unto …” Mr. Willard insists that civil rulers should be just men. It is not adequate that they understand the law. Surely the justices who presided over the executions in 1692-93 understood the law. That is not nearly enough. They must themselves be just.Finally Mr. Willard says of the ruler, “he must be one who prefers the public Benefit above all private and separate Interests whatsoever.” This has people question the validity of their rulers if they are unjust. While this applied at the time to the recent Salem Trials, it was the same question in people’s minds for the Revolutionary War.What fruitage did these spiritual leaders produce? Mt 7:15-20. Consider John 17:16 vs Acts 20:29, 30. What would Jesus have said seeing this?-Source Links-https://reflections.yale.edu/article/who-are-we-american-values-revisited/character-good-ruler-then-and-nowhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Willardhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l3bBja7t3Hc Judge Samuel Sewall’s Apology for Salem Witch Trials read here

37

Puritan "Third Church" - Old South Meeting House

310 Washington StMeeting houses were used as churches. This one was used as a Puritan church and was the biggest building in Boston at the time and an overflow meeting place when Faneuil Hall (half its current size) was too crowded. It became known as Third Church.There were four important meetings here, the last being with 5,000 people. This is where the Sons of Liberty departed from a meeting on Dec 16, 1773 and dumped 342 chests of tea into the Boston Harbor at Griffin’s Wharf. The clock tower was restored in 2009 and is the oldest American-made clock in the US which is still in operation (1766) in its original location. The bell tower houses a bell cast by Paul Revere in 1801. It is one of only 46 surviving bells he made. The bell resided at several locations around Boston and was placed at the Old South Meeting House Bell Tower in 2011.The British ruling to impose Anglican bishops in the colonies aroused atavistic fears that Americans would be persecuted for their religious convictions and further poisoned relations between Britain and the colonies. In this cartoon an indignant New England mob pushes a bishop's boat back towards England, frightening the prelate into praying, "Lord, now lettest thou thy Servant depart in Peace." The mob flings a volume of Calvin's Works at the bishop, while brandishing copies of John Locke and Algernon Sydney on government. The crowd shouts slogans: "Liberty & Freedom of Conscience"; "No Lords Spiritual or Temporal in New England"; and "shall they be obliged to maintain bishops that cannot maintain themselves."The second picture is called “An Attempt to Land a Bishop in America” is from the Political Register. London. September 1769. Located at the John Carter Brown Library at Brown University, Providence RI (First link)What fruitage did these spiritual leaders produce? Mt 7:15-20. Consider John 17:16 vs Acts 20:29, 30. What would Jesus have said seeing this?-Source Links-https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/religion/rel03.html#obj086 Engravinghttps://www.bostonteapartyship.com/old-south-meeting-house-historyhttps://www.trolleytours.com/boston/old-south-meeting-house

38

Thomas Paine's Common Sense - Old Corner Bookstore

283 Washington StOn the Corner of Washington and School Street (above Chipotle) is one of Boston’s oldest brick structures (1712) and was the site of the Old Corner Bookstore. The bookstore was made famous for meetings on the second floor by the likes of Nathanael Hawthorn, Harriet Beecher-Stowe, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Charles Dickens (who lived in Boston for two years) would meet and discuss poetry, politics, and literature. It was home to 19th century publishing giant Ticknor and Fields which produced Thoreau’s Walden, Hawthorne’s Scarlet Letter, Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Ton’s Cabin, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s the Midnight Ride of Paul Revere, and Julie Ward Howe’s Battle Hymn of the Republic.The most notable propaganda of the Revolution was Common Sense by Thomas Paine 1776 – promoted the idea of American exceptionalism and the need to form a new nation to realize it’s promise. This went ‘viral’ and produced est ½ million copies throughout the colonies by the end of the war. It attracted public support amongst loyalists who were loath to break away from Britain. “He encouraged them to realize that they weren’t British, that they were Americans,” Biographer Kaye wrote. One of Paine’s most important notions, that Americans should trust their feelings, rather than get bogged down in abstract political debates. (Biographer Stephen Fried)…Why did Common Sense succeed so brilliantly as a piece of political propaganda? Among other reasons, because it is a kind of secular sermon, an extraordinarily adroit mingling of religion and politics. Look at the opening paragraphs ("Time makes more converts than reason.") in which Paine casts the decision to support the cause of rebellion as a matter of feeling rather than thought, as a process akin to that of evangelical conversion. Review his assault on monarchy, which boils down to the proposition that all kings are blasphemous usurpers who claim a sovereign authority over other human beings that rightfully belongs only to God. Notice, too, how vehemently Paine insists that the Jews of the Old Testament rejected monarchical government—the obvious conclusion being that God’s new “chosen people” in America should follow that example. Consider his assertion that the colonies are an asylum of religious liberty, implying that Americans must pass from argument to arms to protect freedom of conscience for religious dissenters. And, finally, don’t miss how often the cadences of Common Sense echo and even reiterate the language of the Bible. Thomas Paine was anything but an orthodox Christian. It’s more indicative of the religious views of his audience than himself as author.He also authored 13 pamphlets between 1776 and 1777 but Common Sense was the most notable followed by The American Crisis 1776-1783. The pamphlets were contemporaneous with early parts of the American Revolution when colonists needed inspiring works. The American Crisis series was used to "recharge the revolutionary cause.” Paine, like many other politicians and scholars, knew that the colonists were not going to support the American Revolutionary War without proper reason to do so. Written in a language that the common person could understand, they represented Paine's liberal philosophy. Paine also used references to God, saying that a war against Great Britain would be a war with the support of God. Paine's writings bolstered the morale of the American colonists, appealed to the British people's consideration of the war, clarified the issues at stake in the war, and denounced the advocates of a negotiated peace.-Source Links-https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/eighteen/ekeyinfo/erelrev.htmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Crisis

39

Abraham Keteltas' God Arising and Pleading His People's Cause - Old Corner Bookstore

283 Washington StMany Revolutionary War clergy argued that the war against Britain was approved by God. There were many notable sermons printed and circulated by colonial patriots. There are quite a few references noted in this tour under different churches, however some clergy were not tied to one location and still had sermons that excited the people to rebel against British rulership.In this 1777 printed sermon called God Arising And Pleading his People's Cause; Or The American War…Shewn To BE The Cause of God; Abraham Keteltas celebrated the American effort as "the cause of truth, against error and falsehood . . .the cause of pure and undefiled religion, against bigotry, superstition, and human invention . . .in short, it is the cause of heaven against hell--of the kind Parent of the Universe against the prince of darkness, and the destroyer of the human race."Abraham Keteltas studied theology at Yale and received his preacher’s license in 1756. He served as an itinerant Presbyterian Preacher across NJ, NY, MA, and CT. By 1776, Keteltas was elected to the Provincial Congress and became such a vociferous defender of the American cause that he feared for reprisals when British troops landed on Long Island. Of his patriotic sermons, three deserve to be singled out. The Religious Soldier (1759), preached to American and British forces in 1759, exhorts his audience to moral conduct in warfare and patriotic service of their country. God Arising And Pleading his People's Cause; or The American War…Shewn to BE The Cause of God (1777) and his Reflections on Extortion (1778) are bold expressions of American Independence.(See Trinity Church Original Location for details on Election Day Sermons)What fruitage did these spiritual leaders produce? Mt 7:15-20. Consider John 17:16 vs Acts 20:29, 30. What would Jesus have said seeing this?-Source Links-https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/etas/30/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Keteltas

40

Pi Alley - Henry Knox

235a Washington StPi Alley has gone by many names including Williams Court, Savages Court, Peck's Arch, and Webster's Arch. In the early 1770s Henry Knox had a little bookstore somewhere on this alleyway. He went from bookstore owner to the most senior officer in the army after General Washington himself with quite a few accomplishments tucked under his belt.…Everybody in Boston knew him, though chiefly as that portly fellow in his mid-twenties who a few years earlier had set up shop with a bookstore grandly named London Book Shop at William’s Court (This alleyway). It was also a fashionable place during the British occupation, not only for its books but also for Knox’s stock of “patent medicines, flutes, bread-baskets, telescopes, dividers, protractors, and wallpaper.”Just over two years before the siege, eighteen-year-old Lucy Flucker had defied the objections of her parents and had married Henry Knox. Marrying a tradesman with few prospects was bad enough, but Lucy’s father was the Royal Secretary of Massachusetts, an appointee of the Crown and among the most important of the province’s administrators. The king had few families more loyal than were the Fluckers. Lucy’s mother, Hannah Waldo Flucker, was the daughter of a brigadier; Lucy’s brother Thomas was in the British Army; her sister Hannah was married to a British officer. Their lot had always been cast with England. There were whispers that her father, after grudgingly agreeing to Lucy’s marriage, tried to get Henry Knox a commission in the British Army, but Knox had refused. A year after the marriage, very early in the siege, Henry and Lucy had quietly slipped out of Boston.But nobody would have expected the bookish storekeeper/peddler to turn artilleryman. After all, Knox’s only previous military experience consisted of few years as a militiaman and then as a lieutenant in the militia’s Boston Grenadiers. Knox had specialized in books on military history, tactics, and fortifications. This giant of a man—six feet high and massive in bulk—might have been merely a debt-ridden shopkeeper surrounded by books, but Knox had dreamed of something grander. He had studied how cannons like those now menacing the city had been used in the past and how they might be better used in the future. George Washington gave the young fellow his chance. Washington had sent Knox all the way to Lake George and Lake Champlain, where Ethan Allen’s Green Mountain Boys had captured Fort Ticonderoga. Knox had orders to get Ticonderoga’s captured British guns and haul them 300 miles back to Cambridge—and he did that, in the dead of winter, by commandeering oxen- and horse-drawn sleds from farmers and dragging 60 tons of weaponry through snow and over frozen lakes just in time for Washington to emplace them above Boston. Washington had put Knox in charge of artillery and had made him a colonel! (See Lechmere Point- Fort Ticonderoga)His leadership shown during the New York and New Jersey campaigns of 1776-77 when he oversaw the logistics for recrossing the Delaware River to surprise the Hessians at Trenton and another victory at Princeton a week later. Knox received a promotion to brigadier general for these feats and later the army’s youngest major general and no one besides Washington outranked him.General Knox served throughout the war for the Continental Army, including fighting during the Philadelphia Campaign, establishing an artillery school, court-martialed and convicting the spy John Andre (who was in partnership with Benedict Arnold), and directing artillery at the Siege of Yorktown. When the new government formed in 1789, Knox became the 1st United States Secretary of War, a position he held through 1794. On October 25, 1806, Henry Knox died at his home after a chicken bone lodged in his throat causing a fatal infection.The last link is primarily about Minister Mather Byles – but is very personally written and includes some teasing the minister did of Henry Knox as they had known each other prior to the war.-Source Links-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi_Alleyhttps://www.battlefields.org/learn/biographies/henry-knoxhttps://www.knoxmuseum.org/henryknoxhttp://commonplace.online/article/a-loyalist-guarded-re-guarded-and-disregarded/

41

First Church of Boston - Charles Chauncey

1 Boston PlIt’s called that because it’s the first Church established in Boston in 1630 and built on this plot, about in front of where Tatte is, in 1632. It was a form of Protestant in Reformed Calvinist Tradition known as Puritan. The building is long gone, and the group has grown and is settled in the Back Bay at corner of Berkeley and Public Alley 423.Charles Chauncey was a Puritan Pastor here. During the American Revolution, he supported the Patriot cause through sermons and pamphlets. One in particular staunchly opposed the stamp act. Chauncy resolutely believed God was on America’s side. His sermon title at the ‘Old Brick’ Church on Election Day morning was, ‘Trust in God, the duty of a People in a Day of Trouble.’ His scriptural justification was in Psalm 22: ‘My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me? Our fathers trusted in thee: they trusted, and thou didst deliver them.’ Chauncy fought his battles from the pulpit.…Chauncey went to Boston Latin School and Harvard and received a master’s degree in theology. He was also a charter member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Despite his Puritan heritage, Chauncy opposed Calvinism and its doctrine of total depravity. He held liberal Arminian views on free will and was an opponent of the First Great Awakening. According to religious studies scholars Norman and Lee Gibbs, Chauncy deserves the title "theologian of the American Revolution".‘Old Brick’ Chauncy was as sturdy and resolute a man as the ‘Old Brick’ Church was a building. No wonder ‘The Boston Ministers,’ a popular ballad, had this verse about him:And Charles ‘Old Brick,’ if well or sick, Will cry for Liberty.At young & old he’ll rave & scold, He deals in things of State.A zealous whig than Wilkes more big, In church a tyrant great.And Charles ‘Old Brick’, if well or sick, Will cry for Liberty.Whig was another name for Patriot. They were also called Revolutionaries, Continentals, or Rebels.What fruitage did these spiritual leaders produce? Mt 7:15-20. Consider John 17:16 vs Acts 20:29, 30. What would Jesus have said seeing this?-Source Links-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Church_in_Bostonhttps://www.digitalcommonwealth.org/search/commonwealth:8k71p274zhttp://www.firstchurchbostonhistory.org/charleschauncy.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Chauncyhttps://www.hmdb.org/map.asp?markers=215034

42

Old State House

206 Washington StThe current building includes some of the original bricks. This is one of the oldest public buildings in the United States, originally built in 1713 as a ‘Town House’ it housed the colonial government in Boston. The first floor of the building housed a merchants’ exchange, and the second floor was used politically.The Royal Governor of the colony used this building as his office and would frequently issue declarations from the second story balcony. In addition to royal representatives using the building, the elected members of Massachusetts legislature also met in the building. Included in the room where they met was a public viewing gallery, the first of its kind. Also located in the building was the Supreme Judicial Court, where in 1761, patriot James Otis argued vehemently against the Writs of Assistance, a British law which many Bostonians believed allowed unlawful search and seizures. This was the seat of British Colonial power and center of civic life in Colonial Boston and was where folks like Sam Adams John Hancock and James Otis Jr would argue against the policies of the British Crown. Royal Officials met in the Council Chamber and served as direct representatives of the King’s rule. Only aristocracy, or white male landowners could either enter or vote, so commoners would congregate outside and listen to Governor’s declarations from the balcony.On the front of the building is a balcony where, in 1776, the Declaration of Independence was read for the first time and cause a mini-riot during which the Lion and Unicorn (symbols of Britain) which sit on top of the Old State House were ripped down and burnt in a bonfire. The gilded Lion and Unicorn were put back up on the Old State House in 1883 when the building was refurbished. Tours inside for both Colonial Parliament and Boston Massacre – highly recommended-Source Links-https://www.nps.gov/bost/learn/historyculture/osh.htmhttps://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/old-state-house-bostonhttps://bostonhistory.squarespace.com/kingstreet/2015/08/bostons-liberty-tree-illuminated-part-i.html

43

Boston Massacre Site

Corner of State and, Congress St, Boston, MA 02109On March 5, 1770 at this busy intersection a deadly skirmish erupted between nine British “redcoats” and a large crowd of Boston residents. Angry over the town’s occupation by British forces, locals threw snowballs, rocks, and bricks as well as insults at the lone sentry outside the nearby Custom House. The sentry was reinforced by 8 soldiers including Captain Thomas Preston who was trying to diffuse the crowd which only grew into a mob. At one-point bells rang throughout the city which usually signaled a fire, further confusing and crowding the scene. Stories conflict but generally agree that at one point a soldier was struck and whether in fear or by accident fired his musket into the crowd, causing the others to fire as well. This left 9 wounded, three dead, with two others dying of their wounds later. Rebels dubbed it the Boston Massacre in a propaganda effort to get Virginia and other colonies to join the rebellion. The British referred to it as the riot on King Street. Originally the other colonies simply viewed Boston as being defiant and troublemakers, but Paul Revere used this as propaganda to convert other colonies to support independence thinking Bostonians were actually being abused.On the walkway in front of the Old State House is the monument for the five victims killed on March 5, 1770 9pm, during the Boston Massacre which took place in the middle of what is now called State Street (formerly known as King Street). In the center of the monument is a five-pointed star signifying the 5 deaths enclosed by six cobblestones, signifying the six wounded that night, and stretching from the center are 13 cobblestone spokes representing the original 13 colonies.There was accusation that Paul Revere stole the image of the Boston Massacre from Henry Pelham’s unfinished drawing as Paul Revere was a skilled engraver but not an artist. According to Pelham, P.R shamelessly copied Pelham’s Boston Massacre drawing which he was still working on and used the image in the engraving. In fact the young painter was so outraged that he published a letter accusing him of “the most dishonorable act” of plagiarism as he knew that his opponent “was not capable of doing it unless you copied it from mine”. There are no accounts of Paul Revere’s reaction to the accusation however in those days copying somebody’s work may have been considered more a recognition of talent of the original creator than we see it as today.-Source Links-Map of soldiers to patriot actual positions https://boston1775.blogspot.com/2013/03/charles-bahne-on-boston-massacre-site.htmlArt Link: https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/365208 Printed just weeks after British troops opened fire on an unarmed crowd of rabble-rousing Bostonians, Revere’s one-sided depiction of the Boston Massacre lit a flame under the Patriot cause and stoked anti-British sentiment throughout the restless colonies.https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/boston-massacrehttps://www.history.com/news/paul-revere-engraving-boston-massacrehttp://www.paul-revere-heritage.com/paul-revere-copied-boston-massacre-image.html

44

Quaker Lane - Quaker Schism

13-15 Congress St (For more details on Quakers/Friends see Beacon Hill Meeting House)Some Quakers were conscientiously convinced that they could, despite the Friends' peace testimony, take up arms against the British. Calling themselves "Free Quakers," they organized in Philadelphia. The majority of Quakers adhered to the denomination's traditional position of pacifism and disowned their belligerent brethren. This Free Quaker broadside declares that although the "regular" Quakers have "separated yourselves from us, and declared that you have no unity with us," the schism does not compromise the Free Quakers' rights to common property.Fractures such as this in the Quaker community were documented as early as the 1690s, where the formal schism occurred in 1827 in Philadelphia and filtered into similar schisms starting in Baltimore, New York, New England, Ohio, and Indiana then further diverging from there.…This is the site of a Quaker Meeting House and Cemetery, now known as Quaker Lane plot 2000 and 3202. Paul Revere created a schematic drawing of the Boston Massacre which is believed to be quite accurate. It was even presented as evidence during the Massacre trial. It shows how Attucks and Gray died at the soldiers’ feet, but that Samuel Maverick was shot while standing in Quaker Lane. In the diagram his little figure is marked with a ‘G’ presumably for his master, Isaac Greenwood. (last link) Sources differ on whether Maverick was apprenticing as a carpenter or dentist. Under his master he received small wages and shared a bedroom with his masters son, John Greenwood.Samuel Maverick was 17 years old and happened to be in front of the Customs house almost accidentally. According to testimony from Jonathan Carrey he was at Carrey’s house for supper with some other lads and when the bells rung, they all thought it was a fire and he ran out in order to help. He remained on the street after realizing there was no fire. Another account says Maverick worked his way toward the front of the crowd that was harassing British soldiers. Residents shouted at the troop, some screaming “kill them!”At the height of the dispute, when the frightened soldiers raised their muskets to threaten the crowd, Maverick shouted, “Fire away, you damned lobsterbacks!”. They did. The musket fire killed Maverick and four others and sent fifteen-year-old Greenwood spiraling into a deep depression over the loss of his close friend. John Greenwood later became one of the youngest enlisted men in the Continental Army. Private Matthew Killroy was charged with his murder. Samuel Maverick was buried by his mother’s boarding house on Union Street. In the present day his name is commemorated by Maverick Square in East Boston.What fruitage did these spiritual leaders produce? Mt 7:15-20. Consider John 17:16 vs Acts 20:29, 30. What would Jesus have said seeing this?-Source Links-https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/religion/rel03.html#obj093 a picture of the Quaker broadside (poster)https://yardleyfriendsmeeting.org/about-us-2/quakers/scism-and-reform-1800-1900/https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/siege-of-boston-map.htmhttps://www.cryan.com/daily/20180419.jsphttps://boston1775.blogspot.com/2009/03/memories-of-samuel-maverick.htmlhttp://www.bostonmassacre.net/players/Samuel-Maverick.htmhttp://www.paul-revere-heritage.com/landmarks-boston-massacre.html (Revere’s diagram)

45

Brattle St Church - Puritan vs Baptist; Samuel Cooper

1 City Hall SqBefore this church was officially built it was a meeting house for Baptists. The First Baptist Church met secretly in members’ homes, and the doors of the first church which was located here were nailed shut by a decree from Puritans in March 1680 as Puritans considered any other faction or division of Christianity a threat and persecuted them. That group was forced to move to Noddle’s Island disguised as a tavern and members traveled by water to worship. The Brattle Square Church (Puritan) was built after they moved.Henry Cabot Lodge, a parishioner in his youth, noted: "It was a fine old eighteenth-century church with a square tower, in which was embedded a cannon-ball said to have been fired and lodged there by the American batteries at the siege of Boston.” To distinguish itself in contrast to Boston's three other Congregational churches, the new fourth church issued a manifesto that detailed a somewhat relaxed attitude toward rigid Calvinist (Puritan) practices. Parishioners included John Hancock, Samuel Adams, Joseph Warren, John Adams, Abigail Adams, Richard Clarke, Jane Mecom, John Lowell, Henry Cabot Lodge (1676–1747), and many others. In 1872, the Brattle Street church building was demolished. Work on a new church building began in 1873 and became known as the Brattle Square Church. That group “became extinct” in 1876 and the building was sold in 1882 to the First Baptist congregation.There were two other Baptist meeting locations I found documentation for – see Anabaptist Meeting House and Stillman Meeting House.…Puritan Samuel Cooper served as minister here his entire life. He was an active and influential patriot and a trusted friend of Benjamin Franklin. When Franklin stole letters from Governor Thomas Hutchinson he sent them to Cooper who sent them to Sam Adams to be published in a Boston newspaper. Massachusetts radical politicians propagandistically claimed they called for the abridgement of colonial rights and a duel was fought in England over the matter. The response of the British government to the publication of the letters served to turn Benjamin Franklin, one of the principal figures in the affair, into a committed Patriot.What fruitage did these spiritual leaders produce? Mt 7:15-20. Consider John 17:16 vs Acts 20:29, 30. What would Jesus have said seeing this?-Source Links-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Baptist_Church_(Boston,_Massachusetts)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Cooper_(clergyman)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brattle_Street_Churchhttps://www.masshist.org/database/571?ft=Revolutionary-Era%20Art%20and%20Artifacts&from=/features/revolutionary-era/people&noalt=1&pid=38https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutchinson_Letters_affairhttps://www.nps.gov/articles/000/siege-of-boston-map.htm

46

Green Dragon Tavern

Established in 1654, The Green Dragon was a favorite haunt of Paul Revere and John Hancock (whose brother lived next door) The original location was where the present Orange Line entrance to Haymarket station on Congress St is but moved a few times to it’s current spot here.This was a popular spot for local patriots and from here the Sons of Liberty held their first secret missions. They wore a jewel around their necks with a picture of the Liberty Tree on it. They had a secret language and used codes in their communiques. Couriers would hang out between missions in this basement tavern.The Boston Committee of Correspondence was formed here after a few initial meetings at Joseph Warren’s house which was a few doors away. The Boston Caucus also met here. The Sons of Liberty met here so often that the Green Dragon came to be called the "Headquarters of the American Revolution." Eventually they were discovered and as they grew met in larger venues.It was likely in the basement tavern called the Green Dragon (above which was the Saint Andrews Masonic Lodge) where Paul Revere and William Dawes were informed by Dr Joseph Warren (Grandmaster of the Freemasons) of the plans for the invasion of Lexington and Concord. This tavern at the time was near the medical office of Joseph Warren (behind JFK building, estimated at center of current Government Center Plaza estimated at 42.360793, -71.058925)From here Paul Revere set out across the harbor to a prepared horse on his famous ride. (See Paul Revere Statue) Warren also had sent the notice for signal at Old North Church. The original tavern burned down years ago. For more details about the Masonic history there’s a video in the “historycamp” link. (last link)-Source Links-For a popular colonial alcoholic drink called Flip see: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iSFuc71vkzIhttps://www.massar.org/bostons-historic-taverns/http://www.boston-tea-party.org/mystery.html https://historycamp.org/andrew-cotten-mfa-bostons-green-dragon-tavern-the-headquarters-of-the-revolution/https://www.drjosephwarren.com/2013/03/modern-location-of-joseph-warrens-north-end-house/

47

Sam Adams

1P Faneuil Hall Market PlNote – the original shore line is marked out on the ground in the granite but looks like chicken scratch. They cross the front corner of the statue (Sam's left). See the corner depicted in the photo for a starting point.Samuel Adams acquired something of a historical reputation—in his own time no less—as a rabble-rouser and propagandist for the independence movement, especially in comparison to his second cousin John, the future president. But those accusations tend to obscure his nature as an astute political thinker and a tireless activist.…Adams' father, also named Samuel, frequently used his position as preacher to organize large numbers of associates into groups to lobby local Boston politicians and officials on specific issues, with young Sam frequently accompanying him. At the age of fourteen, Adams entered Harvard, ostensibly to study theology and later take up his father's career, but life in college also exposed him to the ideas of the Enlightenment philosophers like John Locke, who held that certain rights and liberties were inherent to humanity, and that government should reflect that truth.Upon graduation, Adams tried his hand at various businesses, from accounting to joining his father's brewing company, but he always drifted close to the political sphere. He took up a public writing career very early on as a public writer, similar to that of a modern political pundit or Op-Ed writer. He and a circle of close friends launched their first publication, The Public Advertiser. Through the Advertiser, Adams warned his fellow Bostonians to be wary of both calls to submission as well as revolution, and to cherish liberty and the laws that grant it above all. Adams got the chance to put those words into action after the Seven Years War, when Britain decided that the American colonies needed to pay more of a share to help pay for a war the colonists essentially began. Starting in 1764, the British Parliament began levying several taxes on the colonies to rectify the situation, starting with the American Revenue Act or Sugar Act, essentially a tariff on imported sugar. Most colonists grumbled about London harming the North American economy to the benefit of the sugar-producing colonies in the West Indies, but Adams raised broader political concerns, arguing that London had violated the colonist's rights as Englishmen. "The most essential rights of British Subjects," he wrote, "are those of being represented in the same Body which exercises the Power of levying Taxes upon them." He also began reaching out to New England merchants affected by the new law and convinced them to begin boycotting all goods connected with the tax. When Parliament replaced the Sugar Act with the notoriously unpopular Stamp Act, Adams called out even louder in protest. As further Acts of Parliament, one of which placed Boston under military occupation, further enraged the colonies, Samuel Adams could be found at the center of the protests, not necessarily threatening revolution, and independence, but warning Britain about the possibility.Many have noted Adams' role in promoting news about the Boston Massacre across the Thirteen Colonies, but in fairness, he highlighted the need for the accused soldiers to receive a fair trial, convincing his cousin John to take up their defense. Though Adams generally believed that reasoned words carried more political weight than aggressive actions, not every disgruntled colonist held this opinion, as tarring and feathering became a common form of violent protest against British customs officials. He was known as being a proper Puritan, austere, caring nothing for adornments or fortune. Having dissipated a fortune, having run his father’s malt business into the ground, having contracted massive debts, Adams lived on air, or on what closer inspection revealed to be the charity of friends. A rarity in an industrious, hard-driving, aspirational town, he was the only member of his Harvard class to whom no profession could be ascribed. Certainly no one turned up at the Second Continental Congress as ill-dressed as Adams, who for some weeks wore the suit in which he dove into the woods near Lexington, hours before the battle. It was shabby to begin with. Unlike his contemporaries, Adams did not preen for posterity. He wrote no memoir, resisting even calls to assemble his political writings.Adams was rare for his ability to keep a secret, any number of which he took to the grave, including the backstory of the Boston Tea Party. He freely discussed his limitations, reminding friends that he understood nothing of military matters, commerce, or ceremony, though Congress charged him, at various times, with all three. Most of America’s founders became giants after independence. Adams faded from the stage light.Still, British Governor Hutchinson refers to Adams as being the first to advocate for American independence and Jefferson called Adams “the earliest, most active and persevering man of the Revolution.” Adams’ legacy is summarized in his own words, “Very few have fortitude enough to tell a tyrant they are determined to be free.”-Source Links-https://www.battlefields.org/learn/biographies/samuel-adamshttps://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/noble-fury-samuel-adams-180980758/

48

Faneuil Hall

6 Faneuil Hall Market PlNicknamed “the Cradle of Liberty” Faneuil Hall (1742). This building was given to the city of Boston by rich merchant Peter Faneuil. The bottom floor was a market and top floor a town hall, famous for the meetings and protests that led to the American Revolution, including the funeral of the victims of the Boston massacre. Samuel Adams led protests against the tea act from here.While the first floor of Faneuil Hall has served as a market and the second floor served as the government hall, the top floor served as an armory for the town's protection. Boston had several militia companies, and many began storing their equipment in the attic of Faneuil Hall in the 1740s. When the hall was expanded in 1806, offices and a large assembly room on the top floor were specifically designed to permit the militia companies to continue to organize, meet, and drill. Of these companies which trained and met in Faneuil Hall for generations, the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company is the oldest and the only unit who still calls the hall home. Today, the Ancients maintain an armory and museum on the top floor.In the 1800s, the Hall's memory as the "Cradle of Liberty" of the Revolution drew political and social activists both locally and nationally to continue what the founding generation started. The original Great Hall is in this building. Abolitionists, suffragists, labor unionists—and their respective opposition movements—all held protests, conventions, banquets, and orations in the Great Hall continuously in the 1800s. Other meetings of a wide variety continued throughout this period. Organized labor unions, immigrant groups, and other political organizations such as the Anti-Imperialist League relied on the Hall to continue the ongoing American Revolution into its second century. To this day the Hall remains a continuously used meeting place for political and civic events: a third century of the American Revolution and beyond. In 1824 it expanded to include Faneuil Hall Marketplace which comprises of Quincy Market, North Market and South Market.-Source Links-https://explorebostonhistory.org/cms/items/show/276https://www.nps.gov/bost/learn/historyculture/fh.htmhttps://faneuilhallmarketplace.com/about/history-of-faneuil-hall

49

John Hancock Counting House

60 Long WharfKnown for his famous signature, and always in the middle of revolutionary activity, John Hancock was a Harvard graduate, wealthy businessman, popular politician, and highly involved with the Sons of Liberty. His stance with the Boston Whigs maintained his popularity in the colonies but also branded him a smuggler as he boycotted British goods and smuggled others in.The British had established the American Board of Commissioners in the fall of 1767 to step up the collection of customs mandated under the Townshend Acts. The new board wanted to show the government would no longer turn a blind eye to smuggling. They could use the wealthy and popular John Hancock to send that message. This set the stage for the Liberty Affair which is seen as one of the first major events leading to the revolution.Following that John Hancock remailed a patriot through the Revolution finally ending with his position as Mass State Governor until his retirement.…John Hancock was born in Braintree, Massachusetts, on January 23, 1737. He lived with his parents until the age of seven and was sent to live with his merchant uncle after his father died. His uncle Thomas Hancock owned the House of Hancock, which imported European goods and traded domestically. Growing up, Hancock received his education from the Boston Latin School and, at age 8, received his bachelor's degree from Harvard College (now University). After receiving his degree, he continued working with his uncle, establishing new trading ports, and creating political and commercial relationships. Hancock was sole inheritor of his uncles’ entire fortune in 1765.Hancock loved politics more than business. In 1765 he was elected a selectman of Boston. His election came at a moment when colonial resistance to the Acts of Parliament was intensifying, and Hancock allied himself with the Boston Whigs. Initially Hancock wasn’t opposed to the Stamp Act as he was aware of the debt accrued by the French and Indian War, but after witnessing protests and unrest within Boston he changed his stance. By participating in the protest and boycotting British imports he became extremely popular. This helped him become elected in the Mass House of Representatives in 1766.While in office, Parliament passed the Townshend Act, which directly affected American trade—items such as tea, glass, paper, and lead. The act led to smuggling within the colony to avoid paying a tax on the products causing British ships to begin illegally searching a sizing ship off the American coast. British Customs tried to search his vessel “Lydia” and he demanded to see warrants authorizing the search. When the officials couldn’t produce them, he asked them to leave.According to Thomas Kirk, the customs officer, The Liberty arrived in Boston loaded with Madeira wine and offered the standard bribe. He refused it so the ships captain, John Marshall, had him locked in a hold where he overheard a great portion of the ship’s cargo be offloaded. When officials boarded with proper papers under the smuggling suspicion they saw only 25 casks of wine, a quarter of the ship’s capacity. Out of fear of John Marshall and lack of British support during the incident Thomas Kirk did not release the full story until he was away from the situation.Although the customs agents did not have proof, the British proceeded to tow the Liberty to a position under the watch of the 50 guns of the HMS Romney. The Romney wasn’t there to defend the colonials; it was there to police them. The Romney’s captain, John Corner, had been ordered to do nothing to inflame the colonists and to make sure his sailors behaved. Corner, however, had requirements of his own. His ship needed men, and he began pressing (essentially kidnapping) sailors on in-bound ships into service. As word spread, even honest vessels, let alone smugglers, stayed away from the port of Boston, fearful of losing seamen. Now the British had angered honest merchants as well as the smugglers.With tension already in the air, the seizure of the Liberty caused a riot of up to 3,000 sailors and colonists searching for the Comptroller and official Collector who had decided to seize the ship. Unable to find the men, the crowd satisfied themselves with shattering the windows on his house and seizing Harrison’s pleasure boat, dragging it from the water and hauling it up the street to the Liberty Tree, condemning it and burning it to ashes. (See Liberty Tree) The Liberty Affair is seen as one of the first major events leading up to the American Revolution. Due to the rowdy nature of the crowd, British officials had left and later filed lawsuits against Hancock. The charges were dropped with John Adams as his lawyer, but his reputation suffered from being seen as a smuggler. As for the ship, the British kept the Liberty and refitted her to serve as a Royal Navy ship in Rhode Island patrolling for customs violations. HMS Liberty seized two Connecticut ships and then was burned by an angry Rhode Island mob.As tensions between colonists and the British rose, Hancock continued to participate in resistance by leading meetings regarding the Tea Act and the Coercive Acts. Hancock's popularity guaranteed him election to every political post he sought, and in 1774 he was chosen as a member of the Massachusetts delegation to the First Continental Congress. He was elected to discuss the revolution's goals and plan the next steps for the colonies. Due to his position, living in Boston was not safe due to being a target of the British. Hancock moved to his grandfather's home in Lexington to escape the British. His impressive home on Beacon Hill (See Beacon Hill) was seized by the British and used for their headquarters.On the night of April 18, 1775, Dr. Joseph Warren received news that British troops, under Thomas Gage's command, age, were heading toward Lexington to capture Samuel Adams and John Hancock. Warren sends three-midnight riders, including Paul Revere, to warn that the "Regulars are coming.” (British soldiers) Once warned, Hancock wanted to fight as he held the status of colonel in the Massachusetts militia. Adams and Revere convinced him otherwise, stating that his service as a politician was more valuable than risking his life on the battlefield. Soon after their escape, the first shots were fired at Lexington and Concord, officially starting the Revolutionary War. He presided over the chamber during the discussion concerning the appointment of a commander in chief for the Continental Army. It is likely that he saw himself as a candidate for the post and was deeply disappointed when both John Adams and Samuel Adams rose to nominate George Washington. This jealousy may be why much later on he refused to greet Washington when Washington visited Boston on his tour of the eastern states in 1789. Nearly the whole town turned out to greet him except the Governor. Asserting Hancock’s position as governor, he felt that protocol required the President should come to him. Hancock quickly realized his political mistake and later visited Washington, claiming that illness had prevented him from arriving sooner.After the first battle at Lexington and Concord, Hancock returned to Philadelphia, where he was elected president of the Second Continental Congress. During his time as president, committees were formed to aid the revolution, including the Marine Committee, which was responsible for creating the first U.S. (United States)—Navy fleet. In 1776, Hancock oversaw the creation of the Declaration of Independence.On July 4, 1776, John Hancock was the first to sign the document with a large cursive signature, stating, "There, John Bull (England) can read my name without spectacles; he may double his reward." Hancock continued to serve as president of the congress until 1777 when he left and took the position as governor of Massachusetts, where he served until 1785.-Source Links-https://www.battlefields.org/learn/biographies/john-hancockhttps://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/john-hancock/https://newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/the-liberty-affair-john-hancock-loses-a-ship-and-starts-a-riot/https://emergingrevolutionarywar.org/2016/12/07/stepping-onto-long-wharf-and-into-history-the-day-the-british-came-to-boston/

50

Long Wharf

Long Wharf has stretched into the Atlantic from Boston for 300 years, serving as the world’s great doorway to the city. It was the longest wharf in Boston, extending 1,586 feet into the deep water of the harbor allowing up to 50 ships to dock at one time. Located at the base of today’s State Street (which was originally King Street) It ends at the same spot it originally lay however it used to be 5 football fields long. It would have been a place of great bustle—the loading and unloading of cargo by longshoremen, transporting of such cargo to the busy warehouses and shops that lined the wharf, and then the purchase of such goods by local people. Where Broad St intersects is where the waterline used to be. Long Wharf was the nucleus of Boston’s maritime trade. By the end of the 1700s, it reigned pre-eminent amongst Boston's 80 wharves, handling both international and coastal trade. Regaining its prominence as a commercial center, Long Wharf remains one of the city's most well-known wharves today.…Acting upon the suggestion of Henry Deering in 1707, the Selectmen of Boston granted permission to a private group of men (headed by Capt. Oliver Noyes) for the construction of a wharf at the base of King Street. Constructed around 1710-1721, the new wharf extended half a mile into the harbor and became known as "Long Wharf." Early maps show that it was by far the most ambitious undertaking on Boston's waterfront. An immediate success, Long Wharf's site at the base of King Street allowed direct access to the heart of the town—the intersection of King and Cornhill Streets (now State and Washington Streets). Its extreme length of 1,586 feet allowed up to 50 vessels to dock and unload directly into warehouses without the use of lighters or boats. With its site and length, the wharf soon became central to the commercial trade of Boston.Supported by powerful New England merchant families, commercial trade in Boston grew substantially as the town became integrated into the Atlantic trading empire. Due to its location, Boston served as an ideal location as a port of call for ships traveling across the Atlantic ocean. Boston, and Long Wharf in particular, became immersed in the Mid-Atlantic slave trade and what is known as the Middle Passage. Newspaper advertisements in the 1700s document that some ships docked at Long Wharf held enslaved Africans; merchants and captains also sold them alongside their other imports. Installed in 2020, a marker recognizes this history at the end of Long Wharf today.In 1758, victors from the pivotal Battle of Louisbourg during the Seven Years' War landed here to gun salutes and cheering citizens. The arrival of British troops via Long Wharf just over a decade later received a different response, as they came to enforce the King's rights in 1770 (ultimately ending in the Boston Massacre). As part of the Intolerable Acts, British Parliament shut down the port of Boston in 1774, therefore closing Long Wharf stores and docks. According to Frothingham's History of the Siege of Boston, some of the British forces at Bunker Hill arrived from Long Wharf.4 Wounded from both sides of the Battle of Bunker Hill were brought back across the harbor to Long Wharf in June of 1775. At the end of the Siege of Boston, the British evacuated Boston from Long Wharf in March 1776. In July 1776, the ship that brought word of the Declaration of Independence from Philadelphia landed at Long Wharf. John Adams sailed from it to secure European financial and military support for the Revolutionary War. During this time, privateers and blockade runners sailed from Long Wharf and military stores were kept in its warehouses. Decades later, during the War of 1812, USS Constitution ("Old Ironsides") docked at Long Wharf.-Source Links-https://www.nps.gov/places/long-wharf-boston.htm

51

Long Wharf - Parliamentary Acts

This is the site of the 1768 arrival of British warships in Boston Harbor and the troops who first took those fateful steps into Boston for the purposes of occupying the city. These ships and troops had arrived in the port of Boston as a response to colonial opposition to the Townshend Acts which were enacted by Parliament in 1767 in an effort to enforce their sovereignty over the colonies and raise revenue after the failures of the Stamp Act, Sugar Act, and Townsend Acts which are summarized below.…Navigation Acts 1763 Parliament sought to control colonial maritime trade. Navigation Acts prevented the colonies from shipping any goods anywhere without first stopping in an English port to have their cargoes loaded and unloaded; resulting in providing work for English dockworkers, stevedores, and longshoremen; and also an opportunity to regulate and tax, what was being shipped. First, goods could only be shipped on British ships. Then, they could only be traded with England. And finally, in 1775, all American trade was barred with the outbreak of war. https://www.britannica.com/event/Navigation-ActsSugar Act 1764 Britain had long regulated colonial trade through a system of restrictions and duties on imports and exports. In the first half of the 18th century, however, British enforcement of this system had been lax. This act was a revision of the Molasses act of 1733 due to expire in Dec 1763. The Sugar act cut import taxes in half on molasses (which was used to make rum) but also contained strict measures to collect taxes of foreign refined sugar and prohibited the importation of all foreign rum. In New England the distilling of sugar and molasses into rum was a major industry. The act also included foreign products such as wine, coffee, textiles, and banned the direct shipment of important commodities such as lumber to Europe without going through British ports first. It also regulated enforcement as colonists were accustomed to working around the taxes. The Currency Act 1764 followed banning colonial paper currency and required the Sugar Act to be paid in gold and silver. https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/sugar-and-stamp-acts.htmStamp Act March 1765 This was the first internal tax levied directly on American colonists instead of on trade goods by the British Parliament. The act imposed a tax on all paper documents and printed materials to bear a tax stamp. The law applied to wills, deeds, newspapers, pamphlets, and even playing cards and dice. https://www.history.com/topics/american-revolution/stamp-actQuartering Act May 1765 Stated that Great Britain would house its soldiers in American barracks and public houses. And if the soldiers outnumbered colonial housing, they would be quartered in inns, alehouses, barns, other buildings, etc. "Should there still be soldiers without accommodation after all such publick houses were filled," the act read, "the colonies were then required to take, hire and make fit for the reception of his Majesty’s forces, such and so many uninhabited houses, outhouses, barns, or other buildings as shall be necessary." Everyone except Philadelphia ignored this Act forcing soldiers to remain on the ships. In Massachusetts barracks existed on an island from which soldiers had no hope of keeping the peace in a city riled by the following Townshend Acts so British officers placed soldiers in public places not in private homes. They pitched tents on Boston Common and being right in the center of the riled Patriots were soon involved in street brawls and ultimately the Boston Massacre. https://www.bostonteapartyship.com/the-quartering-acthttps://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/parliament-passes-the-quartering-actTownshend Acts June-July 1767 posed an immediate threat to established traditions of colonial self-government, especially the practice of taxation through representative provincial assemblies. It was a series of four acts in place to collect taxes using British men where colonial representatives had refused to comply. The Suspending Act prohibited the New York Assembly from conducting business until it complied with the Quartering Act to pay for the expenses of British troops stationed there. The Revenue Act regulated trade and put money directly into the British treasury and fell on lead, glass, paper, paint, and tea. The third act managed additional officers, searchers, spies, coast guard vessels, search warrants, writs of assistance, and a Board of Customs Commissioners at Boston all to be financed out of customs revenues. The Indemnity Act was to enable the East India company to compete with smuggled Dutch tea. These acts were met with heavy resistance especially in Boston and coupled with the instability of frequently changing British ministries resulted in repeal. Americans often observe that national independence was born of a tax revolt. But taxes, or the lack thereof, played a key role in the colonies long before Samuel Adams and his Sons of Liberty.The 1629 Charter of Massachusetts Bay granted settlers a seven-year exemption from customs taxes on all trade to and from Britain and a 21-year exemption from all other taxes. In 1621, the Dutch government granted the Dutch West India Company an eight-year exemption from all trade duties between New Amsterdam/New York and the mother country. Swedish settlers in Delaware were offered a 10-year tax exemption. America, in other words, was in part created as a tax haven populated with immigrants moving from high-tax nations to low-tax colonies. By 1714, British citizens in Great Britain were paying on a per capita basis 10 times as much in taxes as the average "American" in the 13 colonies, though some colonies had higher taxes than others. Britons, for example, paid 5.4 times as much in taxes as taxpayers in Massachusetts, 18 times as much as Connecticut Yankees, 6.3 times as much as New Yorkers, 15.5 times as much as Virginians; and 35.8 times as much as Pennsylvanians.By 1775, the British government was consuming one-fifth of its citizens’ GDP, while New Englanders were only paying between 1 and 2 percent of their income in taxes. British citizens were also weighed down with a national debt piled up by years of worldwide warfare that amounted to £15 for each of the crown’s eight million subjects, while American local and colonial governments were almost debt-free. Against this backdrop, Americans watched as the British monarchy attempted to raise taxes on the colonists to pay down its war debt and pay for the 10,000 British soldiers barracked in the colonies. The bottom line: American colonists were both paid more and taxed less than the British. American taxes, in fact, were low and going lower, but the very idea that they had been raised and could be raised again by a distant power was enough to send Americans into the streets to engage in civil disobedience. Regime change followed the tax revolt.https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/townshend-revenue-act(Box 2 Folder 1) Landing of the Troops by Paul Revere https://www.americanantiquarian.org/Inventories/Revere/b2.htmhttps://emergingrevolutionarywar.org/2016/12/07/stepping-onto-long-wharf-and-into-history-the-day-the-british-came-to-boston/Coercive Acts and Quartering Act March-June 1774 Unlike the previous Quartering Act, this one allowed British troops to be housed in private homes and facilities. The Coercive Acts included the Boston Port Act, the Massachusetts Government Act, the Administration of Justice Act, and another Quartering Act and were known as the Intolerable or Insufferable Acts and passed in the wake of the Boston Tea Party. These were punitive laws to force the rebellious colonies back into place. Only the opposite happened, and it only further fueled the flames of rebellion. https://www.battlefields.org/learn/primary-sources/quartering-acthttps://www.history.com/news/intolerable-coercive-acts-american-revolution

52

Privateering

144 Atlantic AveThe thumbnail image is part of a painting called “The British Fleet forming a Line off Algiers” currently on view at the MFA. While this painting was from 1816 it highlights the size and experience of some of these British ships – which are a vast difference to the privateering vessels that fought them.The Massachusetts Committee of Safety quickly recognized that in order to drive the British army from the town, it had to starve them out. The British military had a longstanding practice of acquiring fresh provisions from local farmers. At first, Gen. Thomas Gage contemplated purchasing supplies from American farmers who lived on the islands in Boston Harbor. Unfortunately, many yeomen were reluctant to cooperate.[2] As a result, the general decided he would initiate military operations to forcefully seize necessary resources. Of course, the harbor islands only provided a limited amount of supplies. As a result, Gage was forced to rely heavily upon the long and tenuous communication lines to British possessions in Nova Scotia and the West Indies, and ultimately, back to England.Massachusetts had a long history of privateering during the previous French wars and almost immediately turned to the practice as a method to drive His Majesty’s troops out of the town. Privateering, or “lawful piracy,” was the act of seizing enemy supply or military vessels by civilian-owned warships. Privateers operated under the authority of “Letters of Marque” issued from governmental authorities and were often, if not solely, motivated by the opportunity for profit. Massachusetts authorities actively encouraged just about any person with a seaworthy vessel to partake in privateer operations and placed no limits on the number of ships receiving Letters of Marque.All classes of vessels were engaged in privateering, ships, brigs, schooners, sloops, and even whaleboats in Nantucket and Vineyard Sounds. A privateer, strictly speaking, was a private armed vessel carrying no cargo and devoted exclusively to warlike use and authorized to take prizes. The Continental Navy was too weak to fight the British navy with any hope of a fair share of success and was limited in its operations or commerce-destroying. The entire net proceeds from the sale of prizes and captured goods went to the owners and captors. The number of American privateers in commission during the war was large, certainly exceeding two thousand different vessels. Massachusetts contributed a larger number than any other state.Within a very short time, Gage’s Atlantic supply lines fell prey to the privateer fleets of Newburyport, Salem, Beverly, and Plymouth. According to reports from the Essex Gazette, Massachusetts privateers were far more successful in cutting off British supplies than their land-based counterparts. As early as September 9, 1775, the newspaper reported that “Last Saturday a privateer belonging to Newburyport carried into Portsmouth a schooner of forty-five tons, loaded with potatoes and turnips intended for the enemy in Boston.”Many of these privateers traveled in groups that varied in size from a few ships to over twenty. One such squadron from Newburyport consisted of twenty-five vessels and over 2,800 men. A second from the same town boasted thirty vessels. Towards the close of 1775, Massachusetts privateers were not only preventing much-needed supplies from reaching Boston but were also seizing enemy vessels in rapid succession. -Source Links-For an idea of what the British Navy was like – this is the huge mural at the Boston Museum of Fine Arts of the British Fleet off Algiers https://collections.mfa.org/objects/32602/the-british-fleet-forming-a-line-off-algiers;jsessionid=FDBEC1B24E39386E2A5E9FC052F5D8F3https://allthingsliberty.com/2019/09/massachusetts-privateers-during-the-siege-of-boston/ https://www.nps.gov/articles/privateers-in-the-american-revolution.htmhttps://www.americanrevolutioninstitute.org/video/the-untold-war-at-sea-americas-revolutionary-privateers/http://www.ppreservationist.com/privateers.htmhttps://www.massar.org/2011/06/23/privateers-of-the-revolution/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015012083690&seq=32 pg 13-18; scroll down for giant list of bonded boats with details like guns, captain, and quantity of sailors.

53

Baptist Meeting House – Samuel Stillman

"In 1679, the Boston Baptists built a meetinghouse in the North End of Boston, at the corner of Salem and Stillman Streets. ...In the early 1700s, the small building was replaced by a larger wooden one on the same site. Here the Church flourished, for 43 years (1764–1807) under the leadership of Samuel Stillman." Samuel Stillman kept the doors open for services while the British invaded Boston and is said to have preached against them every single service.…In 1764, Stillman joined the Reverend James Manning, the Reverend Ezra Stiles, the Reverend Isaac Backus, the Reverend John Gano, the Reverend Morgan Edwards, William Ellery, and former Royal Governors Stephen Hopkins and Samuel Ward among thirty-five others as an original fellow or trustee for the chartering of the College in the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations (the original name for Brown University). Stillman received an honorary Doctor of Divinity from Brown in 1788.In 1765 Stillman became minister of the Brattle Square Church of Boston—a position he held until his death. In 1773, Stillman purchased a house at the northern corner of Sheaffe and Salem Streets in Boston's North End. The house stood immediately opposite of that of Robert Newman, a patriot and sexton of Old North Church, known for lighting Old North’s steeple during the Battles of Lexington and Concord. John Hancock, although a Unitarian, was one of his admirers and often rented a pew there so that he could hear him. President John Adams and General Henry Knox also came to hear him preach. In 1802, Samuel Stillman was instrumental in founding the first Baptist Missionary Society in America (now known as The American Baptist Churches of Massachusetts).Stillman was also member of the American Philosophical Society and was politically active as a member of the 1779 Massachusetts Senate Convention for the formation of the State constitution; and also for the 1788 adoption of the United States Constitution. According to editor Frank Moore, Stillman was "a member of the Senate Convention for the formation of the state constitution in 1779; as also for the adoption of the federal constitution in 1788; in the last body he delivered a very eloquent speech in its support and was considered at the time as having contributed much toward its adoption, and confirmed many members in its favor who were previously wavering upon that question. To that constitution he ever after continued a firm, unshaken friend, and a warm approver of the administration of Washington and Adams."Stillman died on March 11 or 12 1807, after suffering a fatal paralysis. He is buried in the Granary Burying Ground.What fruitage did these spiritual leaders produce? Mt 7:15-20. Consider John 17:16 vs Acts 20:29, 30. What would Jesus have said seeing this?…As for the Baptist group that Stillman led, in 1682, under the watch of William Screven, the church organized a spinoff mission in present-day Kittery, Maine; as a result of issues with Congregationalism in the 1690s, the church moved to Charleston, South Carolina and is the modern day First Baptist Church meeting in James Island, South Carolina.In 1837 they moved to the fourth meeting house on the corner of Hanover St and Union (near Green Dragon Tavern) and then in 1881 moved to the current Location of Back Bay on Clarendon and Public Alley 435-Source Links-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Baptist_Church_(Boston,_Massachusetts) Ref #2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Stillmanhttps://archive.org/details/gleasonspictoria0506glea/page/57/mode/1up?view=theater

54

Anabaptist Meeting House – Roger Williams

Behind 41-43 N Margin St (Location no longer necessary)Massachusetts Puritans believed there was one true faith and persecuted any dissenters including Anabaptists. The name Anabaptist means "one who baptizes again" and was the name given them by their persecutors, referring to the practice of baptizing persons when they converted or declared their faith in Christ even if they had been baptized as infants. Many called themselves "Radical Reformers" and currently have grown into Mennonites.Anabaptists internationally were heavily persecuted by state churches, both Magisterial Protestants and Roman Catholics, beginning in the 16th century and continuing thereafter, largely because of their interpretation of scripture, which put them at odds with official government religious control. Anabaptism was never established by any state and therefore never enjoyed any associated privileges.Roger Williams started as a Puritan minister and theologian. He was a staunch advocate for religious freedom, separation of church and state, and fair dealings with Native Americans. He was expelled by the Puritan leaders from the Mass Bay Colony and established Providence Plantations in 1636 as a refuge which later grew into the colony of Rhode Island, and in 1638 he founded the First Baptist Church in America in Providence. While it isn’t documented he served here, it was in similar beliefs.…Williams initially settled in Boston, but his controversial views led him to move to Salem MA. He was known for his skill with languages—a skill that would later help him rapidly learn American Indian languages in the colonies and later publish a study on it. He became a friend of Wampanoag Chief Massasoit and traded regularly with them.He became the first American to call for separation of church and state. He also believed in complete religious freedom, so no single church should be supported by tax dollars. He claimed taking land from the Native Americans without proper payment was unfair. Ultimately, he was tried by the General Court and convicted of sedition and heresy and banished.In 1636, he purchased land from the Narragansett Indians and founded the colony of Rhode Island. This colony was the first place in modern history where citizenship and religion were separated. He founded the first Baptist church in America and tried to prevent slavery from taking root in Providence Plantations. That made him North America’s first abolitionist.With no official church in Providence, every head of household could vote. In the other English settlements, one had to be a member of the church to vote. No taxes were to be collected to support any church. In the other English settlements taxes were what built the meeting houses. With no meeting houses, each church met wherever they could, including at church members homes or even outside. But the diversity of religious belief coupled with lack of colony regulation led to problems.For example, in the case of Joshua Verin and his wife Jane there was no legal recourse to protect Jane from her husband’s behavior in beating his wife for attending religious meetings against his will. The argument was he had a biblical right to discipline his wife and so was exercising his liberty of conscience while squashing hers.Despite how concerned the town was the only thing they could do was cast him out of Providence Colony and together they moved back to Salem MA.Joshua Verin was not prosecuted for ‘his furious blows’ that put his wife Jane ‘in danger of Life.’ He was prosecuted for violating an individual’s liberty of conscience. What is significant about what happened in the spring of 1638 in Providence is that it appears to be the first time a legal action was taken which supported a woman’s decision, independent of her husband, to act according to the dictates of her conscience.What fruitage did these spiritual leaders produce? Mt 7:15-20. Consider John 17:16 vs Acts 20:29, 30. What would Jesus have said seeing this?-Source Links-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabaptismhttps://www.history.com/topics/colonial-america/roger-williamshttps://www.ushistory.org/declaration/lessonplan/churchstate.htmlhttps://newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/roger-williams-lands-boston-shocks-puritans/https://www.nps.gov/rowi/learn/historyculture/inprovidence.htmMap https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/siege-of-boston-map.htm

55

Old North Meeting House

6 Moon StBefore the construction of the "Old North Church" (Christ Church, Boston), there was another church in Boston called the "Old North" (Meetinghouse). This Puritan (Congregationalist) meeting house was founded in North Square, across the street from what is now called "Paul Revere's house". This church was once pastored by the Rev. Cotton Mather, the minister now known largely for his involvement in the Salem Witch Trials. It was also nicknamed “Mr Lathrop’s meeting” after Rev. John Lathrop who was minister in 1768.There is some discord about whether the lanterns were hung in Christ Church or here due to the name. Paul Revere and his contemporaries were generally consistent about using “church” to refer to Anglican places of worship and “meeting” and “meetinghouse” to refer to Congregationalist, Baptist, Quaker, and other independent places of worship. Later Puritan congregations regularly referred to their buildings as churches, which is why in Boston we have an Old South Meeting House and an Old South Church, built in different centuries by the same congregation. The last link shows that this was a smaller steeple, and further inland, and due to the events of the day, this is unlikely the spot used for the lanterns.This Meetinghouse may be what inspired the scene in “The Patriot” movie where British soldiers burned a church with American civilians inside. No such atrocity took place in that war. However the British army did burn down this prominent house of worship as recorded by selectman Timothy Newell “The Old North Meeting house, pulled down by order of Genl. [William] Howe for fuel for the Refuges and Tories.” The army burned the church only after dismantling it, with no one injured or killed.There are conflicting accounts on whether it was pulled down out of enmity or because the building had been abandoned when people fled during the siege. (See boston1775 link)Decades later, the congregation ascribed the destruction of their meeting-house to a particular enmity of a British general. An 1899 church history quoted the Rev. Thomas Van Ness this way:“I am not surprised to learn that as early as 1774 Lathrop, from this pulpit, said, “Americans, rather than submit to be hewers of wood or drawers of water for any nation in the world, would spill their best blood”; nor does it seem strange that the British general, in speaking of The Second Church, should call it “a nest of traitors.” ”Lathrop did indeed say in a Thanksgiving sermon in late 1774: Americans, who have been used to war from their infancy, would spill their best blood, rather than “submit to be hewers of wood, or drawers of water, for any ministry or nation in the world.”The latter phrase was a direct quotation from the First Continental Congress’s address to the people of Great Britain, carefully cited in the printed edition of Lathrop’s sermon. The Congress in turn alluded to the Book of Joshua. So this sentiment wasn’t particular to Lathrop. Lathrop definitely supported the Patriot cause. In 1771, he preached a sermon on the Boston Massacre titled “Innocent Blood Crying to God from the Streets of Boston.”(See Second Church of Boston for more on Lathrop)What fruitage did these spiritual leaders produce? Mt 7:15-20. Consider John 17:16 vs Acts 20:29, 30. What would Jesus have said seeing this?-Source Links-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_North_Churchhttps://vitabrevis.americanancestors.org/2023/04/paul-reveres-midnight-ride-which-old-north-church/ Comment April 19 2023 Jnolbell and Chris childhttps://boston1775.blogspot.com/2008/01/old-north-meeting-house-pulled-down.html

56

Paul Revere House

19 N Square, Boston, MA 02113In North Square sits the oldest structure in Boston, the Paul Revere House (1680).Paul Revere was born January 1, 1735 in the North End of Boston to Apollos Rivoire, a French Huguenot who would soon anglicize his name to Paul Revere, and Deborah Hitchborn of a well-known Boston family. Paul Jr. was the third of twelve children. At the age of thirteen, Paul left school to apprentice in the silversmith trade under his father. His father died in 1754, but Paul was not old enough to inherit master of the silver shop, so he enlisted in the provincial army in 1756. Commissioned a second lieutenant in an artillery regiment, he returned to Boston in 1757 to assume control of the silver shop in his name.In 1765, British Parliament passed the Stamp Act and Revere first began his political involvement, especially with the Sons of Liberty. Revere often produced engravings, paintings, and other depictions with an anti-British theme. He created one of his best-known productions after the Boston Massacre in 1770 called The Bloody Massacre on King Street Boston which showed an organized line of British regulars firing into a crowd. Along with producing propaganda for the Sons of Liberty and the Patriot cause, he also took a more direct approach when possible. When the merchant ship Dartmouth came into Boston Harbor carrying East India Company Tea in 1773, Revere and Joseph Warren organized a watch over the ship so that it could not be unloaded. Revere took his turn at guard duty. During the Boston Tea Party, he was one of the ring leaders when colonists boarded the ships in the harbor to dump the tea. After the tea party, Revere served as a courier for the Boston Committee of Public Safety and served asRevere was Senior Grand Deacon to the Freemasons (and later Grandmaster). He helped set up a colonial alarm system so state militia could monitor and outmaneuver the soldiers.In April 1775, after discovering that the British planned to march inland to capture Patriot leaders, weapons, and supplies, Revere and his cohorts sprang into action to spread a warning. On the night of April 18, Robert Newman put lantern signals in Boston’s North Church, while Revere and William Dawes rode to Lexington and Concord. Though it soon become known as Paul Revere’s Midnight Ride, both men rode that night, accompanied by about 40 other riders covering different routes. (See Paul Revere Statue for more details on that night) The war for American Independence began the next morning.During the war years, Revere found ways to help the rebel cause. He manufactured gunpowder, which was in short supply during the early years of the war and eventually built a gunpowder mill in present day Canton, Massachusetts. Revere returned to Boston in April 1776, served as an officer in the Massachusetts militia until being transferred to artillery a month later and was stationed at Castle William defending Boston Harbor. He and his unit continued serving in numerous roles in New England during the war.-Source Links-https://www.battlefields.org/learn/biographies/paul-reverehttps://www.battlefields.org/learn/revolutionary-war/battles/lexington-and-concord

57

North Square Park

Across from 19 N SquareThis small park once held barracks for British troops at the time of the battle of Lexington. These troops were mustered in the square the night of the expedition, and sentinels, posted at all the entrances, turned the citizens from the spot. The preparations for this affair were so secretly conducted that Gage hoped his intentions would escape discovery until the blow (At Concord to capture weaponry) was struck.Colonial spies were already aware of the plan and watching for movement, which allowed them to beat the British to Concord.-Source Links-https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/AFJ7482.0001.001?rgn=main;view=fulltexthttps://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/public/gdcmassbookdig/oldhistoric00drake/oldhistoric00drake.pdf pg 168-172

58

Bethel Church - Methodist - Edward T Taylor (Now Sacred Heart)

10 Moon stEdward T Taylor was an orphan and ran away at 7 to become a sailor and served in the war of 1812. In Boston he heard a sermon by Edward D Griffin at Park St Church and later Methodist Elijah Hedding and began attending Methodist church services. During the War of 1812, Taylor shipped aboard the privateer Curlew, which was captured by the British ship Acasta and its crew held at Melville Island, Halifax. Taylor's fellow prisoners asked the prison commandant to allow him to lead worship services in the prison.After his release from Halifax, Taylor returned to Boston. He was licensed as a lay preacher in 1813. After a year or two, he settled in Saugus, Massachusetts, living in the home of a pious widow. The widow paid Taylor to work her small farm by teaching him how to read. He began holding prayer meetings and services in the widow’s house; when his audiences grew, he moved his services to a schoolhouse in East Saugus. He preached there, then Marblehead, Scituate, Duxbury, Harwich, New Bedford, Martha’s vineyard, Milford, Fall River as well as Bristol and Warren RI. n 1829, a group of Boston Methodists formed the Port Society of Boston to provide charitable assistance to, and religious services for, the city’s sailors. They acquired the vacant Methodist Alley Chapel located in the North End, which was the heart of Boston’s shipping industry. The Port Society renamed the chapel the Seamen’s Bethel, and at the end of the year Taylor was hired as Mariner’s Preacher. The Seamen’s Bethel was a nondenominational chapel and Taylor himself was a strong supporter of religious tolerance. Because so many Unitarians supported his ministry, Taylor was appreciative of Unitarian charity and relief work. He worked with, and was admired by, several Unitarian ministers, notably Henry Ware Jr.; William Ellery Channing; Ralph Waldo Emerson; James Freeman Clarke; Robert C. Waterston; and Cyrus A. Bartol.Taylor became one of Boston’s most popular and best-known preachers, and he was known everywhere as “Father Taylor”. Unitarian minister Henry W. Bellows said of Taylor: "There was no pulpit in Boston around which the lovers of genius and eloquence gathered so often, or from such different quarters, as that in the Bethel at the remote North End, where Father Taylor preached. ... He was, perhaps, the most original preacher, and one of the most effective pulpit and platform orators, America has produced." He gained this reputation from being a sailor and preaching to sailors using nautical references his audience could easily identify with.(For more see First Methodist Church)What fruitage did these spiritual leaders produce? Mt 7:15-20. Consider John 17:16 vs Acts 20:29, 30. What would Jesus have said seeing this?-Source Links-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Thompson_Taylor https://www.bu.edu/sthlibrary/archives/neccah/records-files-state/boston-records/https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/public/gdcmassbookdig/oldhistoric00drake/oldhistoric00drake.pdf pg 168-172

59

Second Church of Boston – Puritan – John Lathrop

3 N SquareFounded in 1649 it was destroyed by fire in 1676 and rebuilt, split off into New North Church and New Brick Church. British troops tore it down in 1776. Then this group merged with New Brick on Hanover St.John Lathrop was a Puritan/Congregationalist Minister. He became pastor of the Second Church in Boston when it was located in the North End on North Square (1768-1816). Eventually he left there with some followers and founded Barnstable. A few of his sermons were printed and he was noted as having preached on the Boston Massacre. This may be why his church was targeted for destruction by British soldiers.Second Church had some notable Ministers, including Increase Mather, Cotton Mather, and later Ralph Waldo Emerson. Interestingly North Square Park is right above the Sumner Tunnel which runs under the even houses on Moon St.Also of note, John Lathrop’s Grandfather named John Lothropp was also a Puritan Minister and a strong proponent of the idea of separation of Church and State (also called “Freedom of Religion”) which was considered heretical in England in its time. For this he was imprisoned in London from 1632-1634 under King Charles and then banished to America on his release. Aside from his grandson of similar name, he has had many other notable descendants. This includes at least six US presidents, as well as many other prominent Governors, government leaders, and leaders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. He and his followers relocated to Scituate and founded the First Church there. His home and meeting house is now part of the Sturgis Library in Barnstable, MA and is the oldest building housing a public library in the USA.(See Old North Meeting House for more)What fruitage did these spiritual leaders produce? Mt 7:15-20. Consider John 17:16 vs Acts 20:29, 30. What would Jesus have said seeing this?-Source Links-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lathrop_(American_minister)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lothropphttps://www.masshist.org/collection-guides/view/fa0006https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Church,_Bostonhttps://contrib.pbslearningmedia.org/WGBH/rttt12/rttt12_int_boston1723/index.html Map w overlayhttps://www.nps.gov/articles/000/siege-of-boston-map.htm

60

Presbyterian Meeting House 1770s – Methodist 1828

4 N Bennet StAccording to Pelham’s 1775 map there was a Presbyterian Meeting House here. This was most likely Puritan’s version of Calvinist Presbyterianism. There is very little left of the record for this site. Methodism fractured in multiple schisms into varying fractions and sects. There were also divided during World War 1 & 2 on how to respond to war.…The meeting house at this spot became the second home of the Methodists in the North End from 1828-1849. The building was on North Bennett Street, on the right side of Hanover Street, two streets down from the Paul Revere Mall toward the city. The church seems to have been located on the second lot on the right-hand side of the street, now condominiums.By 1876 it had been rebuilt 3 times in the same location already. This prompted laws to help minimize the damage by fires and other catastrophes. Parts of the brick walls of this building may be from the original church. (See First Methodist Church for Revolutionary details)As for World War 1 & 2 – the uniting of America and Britain as the Allies, the Methodist Federation did call for a boycott of Japan and when war came in 1941, the vast majority of Methodists strongly supported the national war effort, but there were also a few conscientious objectors.Methodist Tradition has deep rooted differences between those who accept the possibility of a "just war" and others who believe that a commitment to absolute pacifism is the only possible response to the teachings of Christ.The last link is to a book that examines how British Methodists responded to the horrors of the First World War that broke out in 1914. (Starting on pg 316)The group itself continues to fracture with a recent schism in 2022 forming the Global Methodist Church separate from the United Methodist Church.(For more on Methodist start against Puritan popularity see First Methodist Church and King’s Chapel as it stemmed from Anglican roots)What fruitage did these spiritual leaders produce? Mt 7:15-20. Consider John 17:16 vs Acts 20:29, 30. What would Jesus have said seeing this?-Source Links-https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/siege-of-boston-map.htmhttps://www.bu.edu/sthlibrary/archives/neccah/heritage-trails/https://guides.bpl.org/bostonfireshttps://archives.gcah.org/bitstream/handle/10516/6554/MH-2002-October-Hughes.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=yhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Methodism_in_the_United_States

61

New North Church - Puritan - Andrew Eliot

401 Hanover StAndrew Eliot was a Puritan/Congregational Minister of New North Church (now St Stephens in North End) He opposed the Stamp Act and remained in Boston during the Siege of Boston and Revolutionary War. During the British occupation of Boston Dr Eliot did much to alleviate the sufferings of the people, but notwithstanding his devotion to the patriot cause, his moderation won him the respect of the royalists. He saved a large number of valuable manuscripts from Gov Hutchinson’s house when it was plundered by the mob. He pursued conversion of the Indians and took an active part in upholding the Congregational system against the Episcopalians. His account of the effects of the dispute between the colonies and the mother country was praised for its candor and moderation. He was the first President of the Mass College of Pharmacy. He and his family lived in the same house as Rev Increase Mather who had died in 1723.His son John Eliot was also in the clergy and for a short time a chaplain of a Boston regiment. Then he succeeded his father as Pastor of the New North Church and later helped form the Mass Historical Society and was a principal contributor to its collections.What fruitage did these spiritual leaders produce? Mt 7:15-20. Consider John 17:16 vs Acts 20:29, 30. What would Jesus have said seeing this?-Source Links-http://famousamericans.net/andreweliot/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Eliothttps://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=215187the thumbnail is his gravestone in CT https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Eliot-427

62

First Methodist Church – Methodist Alley 1791 - Francis Ashbury

18 Hanover AveTwo streets down along Hanover Street toward the water. On the right is an alley called Hanover Avenue, once known as “Methodist Alley.” This was the first home of the Methodists in the North End, where the first Methodist church in Boston was built at number 16 in 1795. They worshipped here until 1828 when they moved to North Bennett Street.Methodism was founded by the teachings of John Wesley. He was an English cleric, theologian, and evangelist who founded the movement from within the Church of England and did not separate it during his lifetime. Methodism thrived in America thanks to the First and Second Great Awakenings beginning in the 1700s. American Methodism owes its roots to itinerant preacher Francis Ashbury who organized preaching circuits across the frontier. This is another example of how Christianity further fractioned off into varying sects in history.…Methodists were definitely in the minority in early colonial times. They arrived later on the scene and managed to escape the majority of Puritan persecution, although they were considered Anglican prior to the war. (See King’s Chapel for origins, and Methodist 1828 for fractions and reactions to war efforts)When the American Revolutionary War broke out in 1775, Francis Ashbury and James Dempster were the only British Methodist lay ministers to remain in America. Asbury spent 45 years in the colonies and founded several schools becoming celebrated as one of the founders of the Methodist Church. However, he remained hidden during the war and ventured occasionally back into Maryland. Sometimes this had the effect of compromising his parishioners. Following the American Revolution most of the Anglican clergy who had been in America came back to England.After the war of 1812 pro-British leaders in Upper Canada demonstrated a strong hostility to American influences, including republicanism, which shaped its policies. Immigration from the United States was discouraged and favor was shown to the Anglican Church as opposed to the more Americanized Methodist Church.The independence of the United States stimulated American Methodists, as it did their brethren in the Church of England, with whom the Methodists had considered themselves "in communion," to organize themselves as an independent, American church. This happened at the Christmas Conference in Baltimore in 1784, where Francis Asbury and Thomas Coke were elected as superintendents of the new Methodist Episcopal Church. Asbury was ordained as deacon, elder, and superintendent. American Methodists adopted the title of bishop for their leaders three years later.What fruitage did these spiritual leaders produce? Mt 7:15-20. Consider John 17:16 vs Acts 20:29, 30. What would Jesus have said seeing this?-Source Links-https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/religion/rel03.html#obj099 (Image of the Ordination of Bishop Ashbury)https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/siege-of-boston-map.htmhttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1806_NorthEnd_Boston_byNorman_detail_BPL10103.pnghttps://www.bu.edu/sthlibrary/archives/neccah/heritage-trails/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Asburyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Methodism_in_the_United_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812

63

North Battery - Battery Wharf

Adjacent to the North End, the Battery Wharf and Copp’s Hill area was Boston’s first neighborhood and shaped the early fortunes of the city of Boston MA. The area prospered with shipping and shipbuilding, with much of America’s early trade being routed through its warehouses. In 1646 a shoreline battery was built on Merry’s Point by General John Leverett. The battery, which became known as North Battery, provided protection for the mouth of the Charles River and covered the harbor. This site was under the command of Captain John Ruddock, a selectman, and Justice of the Peace of the 1770s until his death in 1772. North Battery remained fortified with men and arms until the end of the American Revolution. North Battery and later Battery Wharf proved strategically well situated for troop departures in wartime. On June 17,1775 more than half the British soldiers who assaulted the patriot redoubt on Breed’s Hill in Charlestown departed from the wharf at North Battery. British Major General William Howe’s 500 troops were the first to board boats here, provided and rowed by the Royal Navy. Later in the day General Sir Henry Clinton and 700 reserves embarked from here as well, joining the bloody, daylong encounter that came to be called the Battle of Bunker Hill.It was rebuilt in 1706 and again in 1744. By 1895 North Battery Wharf was removed and Battery Wharf rebuilt with a seawall under part of the wharf. The seawall still remains under the present Battery Wharf.The Battery Wharf Museum is free, open 8am-9pm everyday and has exhibits called The Battery Wharf Story, The Shipbuilding and Live Oak Connection, Industry on the Waterfront, Birthplace of the Coast Guard, Trains and Ferries, and Off to War. The last link explains more on the museum.-Source Links-https://medium.com/@batterywharfhotel1/the-history-of-battery-wharf-on-boston-harbor-a288c3488b77https://www.americanantiquarian.org/Inventories/Revere/northbattery.pdfhttps://aknextphase.com/battery-wharfs-maritime-pocket-museum/

64

Paul Revere Statue

Paul Revere MallThe statue was designed by Boston Artist Cyrus Edwin Dallin in 1883 and he spent 16 years working on it (1899). The statue was not displayed until 1940. If you go by this statue when one of Boston’s sports teams is in a championship series/game, Paul will be donning a shirt of the team playing for the trophy.As for his infamous ride, the poem from 1860 immortalized a few myths and misconceptions.Myth – Paul Revere sent the signal or was waiting in Charlestown to receive the signal. Fact – He set up the alarm system with lookouts and couriers who reacted and sent the signal. Paul Revere received notice directly from Dr Joseph Warren then crossed the harbor slipping past the HMS Somerset warship into Charleston and rode from there.Myth - Paul Revere was shouting “The British are coming.” Fact – Locals considered themselves British and would’ve found this confusing. He shouted, “The Regulars are coming out” Which referenced the Regular Army not the State Militia.Myth - Paul made it all the way to Concord. Fact - He was arrested near Lincoln while both William Dawes and Samuel Prescott made it all the way to Concord.…Paul Revere was a very active man (See Paul Revere House) and also worked as a courier for the patriot cause (See Green Dragon Tavern). He helped establish a colonial alarm system. When not carrying messages , the couriers would monitor British movements in occupied Boston, relaying their movements to Patriot leaders. They failed to react in time to protect the Somerville powderhouse. However, on the very day that Anglican Pastor Mather Byles Jr resigned his post at Old North Church the British were spotted moving out on a mission to capture and destroy the cache of weapons stored in Lexington/ Concord to prevent them from falling into the colonist hands as well as arrest Samuel Adams and John Hancock.This time Dr Joseph Warren gave the order to sound the alarm, then sent for Paul Revere and William Dawes to ride out. They departed around 10pm with around 40 other men (including one woman) in differing directions. This was around the same time the two signal lanterns briefly showed from the Old North Church steeple, a prearranged signal designed by Revere to alert the alarm network across the Harbor. The famous “one if by land, two if by sea” signaled that the British would be rowed across Boston harbor instead of marching out over the neck. (See Old North Church)Paul crossed the harbor (now filled in as the Back Bay) to get on a horse that had already been prepared for him. Even before Revere landed, the alarm was already spreading across the countryside. Upon reaching the Charlestown shore, Revere mounted and began his ride to Lexington. Passing through the towns of Somerville, Medford, and Menotomy (Arlington), Revere did not yell “the British are coming!”, instead accounts show that Revere passed the message of “the Regulars are coming out.”As Revere passed through, more alarm riders rode out, signal guns fired, church bells rang, all alerting the countryside to the coming threat. As the alarm spread, Minutemen grabbed their weapons and headed for town greens, followed by the rest of the Militia.By the time the British finished unloading at Cambridge, the alarm had already reached Concord; Revere’s network had worked splendidly this time. As the British column moved out, they could hear the signals sounding across the countryside, a foreboding sound heralding a hostile country.Revere’s famous ride ended on the outskirts of Lincoln, when he, William Dawes, and Samuel Prescott ran into a British patrol. While Dawes and Prescott escaped, Revere was captured and his horse confiscated. There his ride ended. Prescott managed to make it home to Concord and alerted the town. Before the British arrived, the weapons had already been raided and the colonists’ intricate alarm system had summoned local militia of Concord, Acton, Bedford, and Lincoln to ambush them.As the British marched into Lexington, they faced a small company of 70 men killing 7 and wounding one as the small group immediately retreated and soldiers continued on to Concord where they faced much larger numbers blocking North Bridge and fighting ensued. Major Buttrick of Concord shouts, “For God’s sake, fire!” and the militia respond, killing 3 British soldiers and wounding 9 others. This volley is considered “the shot heard round the world” and sends the British troops retreating back to Boston where they are attacked from all sides by swarms of angry militia along what is now known as Battle Road. There were 1,500 British men who faces 3,960 Americans throughout the running fight from Lexington to Boston. Americans had 93 casualties compared to British 300. After that patriot militia all swarmed together as discordant rabble into Boston numbering 20,000 and George Washington organized the camp into the Continental Army.-Source Links-https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/paul-reveres-ride-legends-myths-and-realitieshttps://professorbuzzkill.com/paul-revere-myths/https://www.boston-discovery-guide.com/midnight-ride-of-paul-revere.htmlhttps://www.constitutionfacts.com/us-declaration-of-independence/the-five-riders/ details on a few other riders including a 16 year old girl

65

Quaker Building 1770s

Behind 16-20 Charter StI could not find any history on this building; however, it shows up on a detailed map as a very small Quaker meeting house in this spot surrounded by larger Puritan (aka Congregational or Calvinist Presbyterian) churches. The map was created by a Loyalist who was stuck in Boston during the siege and given permission by Britain to map out fortifications and locations.Life was very difficult for Quakers in the area – see “Beacon Hill Friends Meeting House” for more. Life was also difficult for loyalists during the Siege. See “Hollis St Church - Mather Byles Sr” for more.-Source Links-https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/siege-of-boston-map.htm

66

Clough House - Edes & Gill Print Shop

26 Charter StThe Clough House remains one of the oldest surviving brick residences in Boston, built around 1712-1715 by master bricklayer Ebenezer Clough. He built several similar houses on the street including one owned by Benjamin Franklin. Only the Clough house still stands.The Clough family lived here for 2 generations. In 1806 a third floor was added, and the house became a tenement for immigrants settling in the North End. Records show over 180 families associated with this address over the next 150 years. From 1959 is became part of Old North Church and Historic Site's campus. The Clough House now serves as the home for the printing office of Edes & Gill and the Heritage Goods + Gifts Shop.Visit the printing office of Edes & Gill, an 18th century colonial print shop, to learn from longtime print master Gary Gregory. Gary demonstrates the colonial printing process and draws connections between newspapers and printing with the American Revolution, active citizenship, liberty, and enslavement in the colonial era. (For examples of colonial printing and how it influenced colonists see Old Corner Bookstore – Paine and Keteltas, Trinity Church – Election Day Sermons, BU School of Theology Clerke and Love)Heritage Goods + Gifts features local artisans and small businesses. Actors in period attire offer colonial-era chocolate making demonstrations. Most of the shop’s products are New England-made by woman-, BIPOC- and family-owned companies with unique stories. They were carefully selected to evoke the tradition of proud artisanry, craftsmanship, and care that this house represents.-Source Links-https://www.nps.gov/thingstodo/clough-house.htmhttps://www.oldnorth.com/clough-house/

67

Christ Church aka Old North Church - Anglican - Mather Byles Jr and the Two Lantern Signal

193 Salem StBuilt in 1723 it is the oldest surviving church building in Boston. It was Anglican or an official Church of England rather than Congregational or Puritan. It’s members were known as the most revolutionary Anglicans north of Maryland. While they shared religious beliefs with their pastor, his congregation differed politically. They supported separation where Mather Byles Jr, like his Puritan father Mather Byles Sr (See Hollis St Church), supported the crown. There was a meeting about this difference of political beliefs on April 18, 1775 and at the end of which Byles handed over his keys.This was fortuitus to Americans for both the time and location combined was important. Only a few hours later that same day when the British were spotted setting out for Lexington Concord. one of the church proprietors, vestryman Captain John Pulling, Jr. returned to the church with Robert Newman, the church sexton, to hang two lanterns in the church steeple. The famous “one if by land, two if by sea” signaled that the British would be rowed across Boston harbor (now Back Bay) instead of marching out over the neck. That signal was only for a few seconds but had been prepared will in advance. (See Paul Revere Statue for details on that signal and ride) The bell tower was the tallest structure in the town of Boston at the time and conveniently close to the Charlestown coastline making it the ideal location to send a signal across the harbor.As for the Former pastor, On March 17, 1776, Rev. Byles Jr and his family sailed from Boston to New Brunswick, along with the remaining Anglican clergy in Boston, all British troops, and many British loyalists. They hurriedly abandoned their home in the North End and left much of their property to whatever fate their neighbors chose. He left behind his sisters and father who refused to move despite the banishment order. The Banishment Act of 1778 names Mather Byles, Jr. as a person forbidden to return to Massachusetts on pain of death. While he called Halifax “the American Siberia” he coped better than most as he was able to find employment and settle there. His father did not fare nearly so well.With the Confiscation Act of 1779, his home and belongings were sold at public auction. After the war, he pressed his claims, and those of his father, for compensation before the Royal Commission on the Losses and Services of American Loyalists, itemizing losses of £800. The Commission gave him £120 and paid for his passage back to Nova Scotia. Once his father and sisters passed their belongings were crated and sent to Halifax as they refused to leave anything behind in Boston. The family remailed Loyalists to the end.What fruitage did these spiritual leaders produce? Mt 7:15-20. Consider John 17:16 vs Acts 20:29, 30. What would Jesus have said seeing this?-Source Links-https://www.oldnorth.com/virtual-360-tour/ https://www.oldnorth.com/story-of-the-steeples/http://commonplace.online/article/a-loyalist-guarded-re-guarded-and-disregarded/

68

Copp's Hill Burying Ground

45 Hull St2nd oldest burial ground, full of less affluent people craftsman, mechanics, and artists. It was a hangout for British soldiers and situated at a pivotal location due to its height to aim cannons down in Charlestown before the battle of Bunker Hill. From this spot, on June 17, 1775, Generals John Burgoyne and Henry Clinton directed British soldiers to bombard Breed’s Hill with naval guns. These guns aimed at the fortifications colonists had built the night prior on the hill. Ultimately, the use of artillery from Copp’s Hill helped the British push colonial forces off Breed's Hill. The redcoats also enjoyed target practice on some of the burial stones including Daniel Malcom, a man who heavily resisted British taxes and whose grave still marks the bullet holes.-Source Links-https://www.nps.gov/places/copp-s-hill-burying-ground.htmhttps://www.cityofboston.gov/parks/HBGI/hbginfo.asp?ID=4

69

Great Molasses Flood of 1919 - Molasses and Munitions

521 Commercial StPart of the war efforts in World War 1 & 2 involved producing gunpower. At that time the US Naval Institute states the process to manufacture a pound of smokeless powder required .67 lbs of cotton, 3.14 lbs of mixed acid, and .75 lb of alcohol. Every 16-in gun blast burned up to 60 gallons of alcohol in its powder. This made for some thirsty guns and some hurried work. The shoddily constructed tank held molasses, which was a byproduct from the southern sugar industry, and a great source for cheap ethyl alcohol production. It collapsed spectacularly in 1919 and caused extensive damage leading to legislation changes to prevent similar industrial disasters.…THE MOLASSES TANKThis tank was built to hold 2.5 million gallons of liquid and measured 50 ft tall and 90 ft in diameter. On Jan 15.1919 it burst and over 2 million gallons of thick liquid poured out like a tsunami wave, reaching speeds of up to 35 miles per hour. The molasses flooded streets, crushed buildings and trapped horses in an event that ultimately killed 21 people and injured 150 more. The smell of molasses lingered for decades.There were various factors leading to the collapse, among them: flawed steel, safety oversights, fluctuating air temperatures, and the principles of fluid dynamics.A study in 2014 found the steel walls too thin, and the rivet design flawed. Both were signs of negligence as structural engineers knew better at the time. However, it was an accountant in charge of the project with no engineering oversight. The tank had been built quickly in the winter of 1915 to meet rising demand for industrial alcohol, which could be distilled from molasses and sold to weapons companies, who used it to make dynamite and other explosives for use during World War I.And instead of inspecting the tank and filling it with water first to test it for flaws, USIA (US Industrial Alcohol aka the owners) ignored all warning signs, including groaning noises every time it was filled. There were also obvious cracks. Before the tank blew, children would regularly bring cups to fill with sweet molasses that dripped out of it. Two children died from doing just that.“When a laborer brought actual shards of steel from the tank’s walls into the treasurer’s office as evidence of the potential danger,” Rossow wrote in a 2015 analysis,“ he replied, ‘I don’t know what you want me to do. The tank still stands.’” What engineers didn’t know at the time was that the steel had been mixed with too little manganese. That gave it a high transition temperature, making the metal brittle when it cooled below 59°F. The air temperature on the day of the disaster was about 40°F. Its brittleness might have been a final straw of all the involving factors. A similar flaw befell some of the early Liberty ships built by the U.S. during World War II.Temperatures dropped at night causing the liquid to become increasingly viscous and difficult to remove. It took 5 days to clear enough molasses to cut the tank remains to look for victims underneath the wreckage.---THE MOLASSES AS ALCOHOLAs for the alcohol itself, the production remained high through both World Wars. USNI (US Naval Institute) said "In the year ending July, 1913, there were 965,000 pounds of this reworked powder made. In that same year our factory turned out 1,800,000 pounds of new powder and at present date, January, 1914, is making 11,000 pounds per diem." That leads to the estimate that smokeless powder produced prior to Jan 1914 had used 2,073,750 lbs of alcohol.In early January of 1942 OPM (Office of Production Management) ordered US distillers to stop making neutral spirits for beverages and start running 60% of their capacity towards industrial alcohol. US liquor companies assisted by taking contracts for 190,000,000 gallons during World War 2. There was a total US industrial alcohol production of 500,000,000 gallons during WW2. OPM's order was designed to relieve not only a looming smokeless powder shortage, but the sugar scare. Most ethyl alcohol is normally made from molasses, a by-product of sugar. To increase their production, however, the regular alcohol makers had been using not just blackstrap molasses but whole cane syrup (high-test molasses), thus cutting into the sugar supply.With rationing in effect, the public worried over their ability to imbibe spirits. Times reported that U.S. distillers had over 500,000,000 gal. of whiskey in warehouses, or four years' supply. Furthermore, though forbidden to make neutral spirits for gin and "blends," distillers could still make 100,000,000 gal. of straight whiskey in 1942, or about ¾ of the projected annual usage.This is one of the many connections of how America and Britain forgave the past and became allies during the World Wars, solidifying them into the prophesied Anglo-American World Power as described in Daniel.-Source Links-https://www.scielo.br/j/jatm/a/F5jvxSkXkVgq7ZTVMmbHjnR/ (formula information – Paul Vieille Poudre B)https://www.history.com/news/great-molasses-flood-sciencehttps://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,766349,00.htmlhttps://www.nytimes.com/1942/01/09/archives/opm-order-puts-distillers-60-on-war-alcohol-liquor-industry-to.htmlhttps://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1914/july/development-our-navys-smokeless-powderhttps://usnhistory.navylive.dodlive.mil/Recent/Article-View/Article/2686883/a-sticky-situation-the-navy-and-the-great-molasses-flood/https://www.census.gov/history/www/homepage_archive/2019/january_2019.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smokeless_powder

70

USS Constitution

93 Chelsea St CharlestownOrdered as a heavy frigate as part of the Naval Act of 1794 the Constitution and five similar ships were the backbone of the new navy. Slated to carry 44 guns (cannons) it usually crammed more than 50, has 3 masts and weighs 1600 tons. It never lost a battle and captured 24 enemy vessels. The oldest commissioned warship in the US Navy. Built to protect American Merchant Ships from pirates off the coast of North Africa during the revolutionary war. Designer Joshua Humphreys realized that for a long time our navy would be inferior in numbers to the navies of Europe, so the few ships needed to be as formidable as possible. Now a frigate was a fifth-rate ship out of the six rates of ship. These were larger frigates and also faster due to a streamlined hull. They could outfight other frigates and outrun more powerful ships. He placed ribs only four inches apart compared to the usual 8-10 inches. It was made famous during the War of 1812 against the HMS Guerriere in a battle that lasted less than an hour. There it earned the name “Old Ironsides” because the dual layered oak hull was so strong that the cannonballs from British ships would bounce harmlessly off its sides.Paul Revere designed the copper fastenings for this ship. The hull is a three-layer wooden sandwich comprised of live oak and white oak. This helped dissipate the force of impact, as well as the extra ribbing and bracketing on internal walls. It turns out American oak is denser than English oak, so this ship’s wood has a density of 75 lbs per cubic foot where English oak is about 45.The War of 1812 was where USA came into their own as a sovereign nation. The British were harassing ships and impressing sailors into their navy. France and Britain were fighting for dominion over Europe, and both were trying to force USA into subjugation by contracted mercantilism. However, the British had seized some 400 merchant ships and their cargoes and impressed 6-9,000 men into British Naval service. The British Royal Navy was the strongest in the world at that time. They had 600 man-of-war ships, USA had 20 at that point. War ended in the Treaty of Ghent at status quo ante bellum. The British held on to Canada and their maritime rights. The United States earned the respect of Europe by bringing them to a draw.-Source Links-Highly Recommended!! Brief but fantastic facts about USS Constitution’s construction and workings during 1812 from Professor Allison PhD – Video 1 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HPixFUwdDPI Video 2 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-RZfVMq6KRIhttps://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/maritime/uss.htmhttps://ussconstitutionmuseum.org/major-events/war-of-1812-chronology/https://historyofmassachusetts.org/uss-constitution-construction/https://www.wearethemighty.com/mighty-history/uss-constitution-called-old-ironsides/https://www.battlefields.org/learn/videos/uss-constitutionhttps://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/old-iron-sidesEven the website for this museum is awesome with artifact videos, battle diagrams, and an online game. I haven’t personally checked out this museum, but the site seems pretty cool.https://ussconstitutionmuseum.org/https://asailorslifeforme.org/

71

Charleston Navy Yard

Building 5, Charlestown Navy Yard, Boston, MA 02109The Charlestown Navy Yard operated for nearly 175 years from the age of sail to the age of steel. The U.S. Navy promoted and protected American interests across the globe, and Charlestown Navy Yard workers provided the Navy with ships and supplies. They worked on American ships as well as other allies when necessary. The Yard also served as the center of production for rope, anchors, and anchor chains for the entire Navy. Throughout it’s operation this yard built thousands of ships built by tens of thousands of workers from the War of 1812 through the cold war. The federal government closed the Yard in 1974 and set aside 30 acres to serve as a national historic site.…The newly-formed United States emerged from its War of Independence facing threats to its overseas trade. As recommended by President George Washington in 1794, Congress passed the Navy Act, approving the construction of six frigates. This act reestablished the United States Navy that originated as the Continental Navy during the American Revolution. One of those six frigates from 1794 was the USS Constitution.The US Navy established the Charlestown Navy Yard along with five other navy yards along the Atlantic coast of the 16-state union.The first ship built in the Boston Navy Yard was the USS Independence in 1814. As the biggest ship, called a ship-of-the-line, in the early US Navy, it served alongside smaller frigates like the USS Constitution.Workers in the Yard built and repaired ships that challenged the British Navy in the War of 1812. Among those ships repaired in the Yard were five of the original six frigates ordered in 1794.A modernization period began in the US Navy in the 1880s, called the era of the New Navy. The US Congress authorized the building of a fleet of steel warships. By 1915, the Navy had expanded the Yard by constructing nearly 50 new buildings and further developing the Yard's railroad system. The US Navy was becoming one of the world’s largest navies.When the U.S. formally entered World War I (WWI) in 1917, the US Navy had the large task of transporting thousands of US Army soldiers to France and back. Charlestown Navy Yard workers converted three captured German ocean liners and other ships into troop transports; one of the converted liners, the USS America, made nine round trips. Yard workers repaired and outfitted over 450 ships during WWI including battleships and submarines.Starting in the 1930s, workers in the Charlestown Navy Yard started the biggest ship-building and ship-repair era in the history of the Charlestown Navy Yard. By the time World War II (WWII) ended in 1945, workers in the Yard launched over 6,000 naval vessels. Destroyers that took one year to complete in 1941 were finished in only 3-4 months by 1945. Due to increased production during WWII, the Charlestown Navy Yard did not have enough space to complete the workload. In response, the Navy built additional facilities at the South Boston Annex along Boston's Outer Harbor.Over half the ships ever built in the Yard were built by its workforce during WWII when the Yard had over 50,000 employees. During this time of crisis, the Navy Yard opened its doors to women and people of color. For the first time, the opportunity to make livable wages was available to thousands of people.(See Royal Navy Plaque for how the Boston/Charleston Navy Yard helped the British Fleet)This is one of the many connections of how America and Britain forgave the past and became allies during the World Wars, solidifying them into the prophesied Anglo-American World Power as described in Daniel.-Source Links-https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/charlestown-navy-yard.htm

72

USS Cassin Young (1943) WW 2

793 3rd St, Boston, MA 02129The USS Cassin Young, a destroyer of the Fletcher-class, measures 376 feet in length and 40 feet in width and carried 273 crew members during wartime. Commissioned on Dec 31, 1943 the USS Cassin Young (DD-793) was at the forefront of the naval offensive against the Japanese during World War II.…Destroyers were first built in the early 20th century in response to the development of small, fast torpedo boats designed to attack and sink larger battleships and cruisers. As a counter against torpedo boats, navies built destroyers, which were larger ships armed with torpedoes and heavier guns. Destroyers were prepared to fight off attacks from the air, on the surface or from below the water. Fletcher-class destroyers were considered the best destroyers of the period, and 175 of these ships were built between 1941 and 1945.The USS Cassin Young served with distinction in the Pacific and participated extensively in the Okinawa campaign where two Kamikaze attacks struck the vessel. It underwent repairs in California and was subsequently decommissioned in 1946. Recalled into service at the outbreak of the Korean War, the vessel served until 1960 when it was again decommissioned. During this period, USS Cassin Young was modernized several times by the Boston Naval Shipyard. (See Royal Navy Plaque pin for how the Boston/Charleston Navy Yard helped the British Fleet)Since 1981, USS Cassin Young has been open to the public and serves as an example of the type of ship built, repaired, and modernized at the shipyard. The USS Cassin Young was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1986 and retains much of its World War II integrity.For a timeline of significant actions in the Pacific during World War 2 see the first link. Pacific Allied actions were primarily US and Britain but also included Australia, New Zealand, and the Netherlands, Canada, China, France, and the Soviet Union.This is one of the many connections of how America and Britain forgave the past and became allies during the World Wars, solidifying them into the prophesied Anglo-American World Power as described in Daniel.-Source Links-https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/npswapa/extcontent/wapa/brochure/brochure2.htmhttps://www.nps.gov/articles/000/charlestown-navy-yard.htmhttps://www.nps.gov/bost/learn/historyculture/usscassinyoung.htmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II

73

Breed Hill Training Field

55 Winthrop St, Charlestown, MA 02129American colonist formed militias for protection and trained in open fields also known as commons. The militia was a part time army in colonial Massachusetts responsible for the colony’s defense. Every town was expected to maintain at least one company (approx. 60 men) commanded by a captain. Beginning in 1636 regiments were formed by region and country comprising of several companies with their designated geographic area. Many formed their own company flags. In times of war, the militia served as the immediate defense during an attack, or as a pool of available soldiers to be drafted for extended service.By law nearly all men between the ages of 16 and 60 were required to serve, keep arms, and train with exceptions for political leaders, judges, Ministers, and similar public servants, as well as those “disabled in body, Indians, and Negroes” (See Politics Racism and the Revolutionary War for more) Even exceptions were required to keep arms and have them inspected twice per year and to turn out in an emergency.Charlestown Training Field dates from the 1640s after the town's 1629 settlement. It played a part in the American Revolution when colonial troops marched on Charlestown to prevent the advance of British soldiers and hastily built earthworks on Breed's Hill, just upslope of this Training Field. (see Minutemen for more examples of militia companies and men)This shocked the British Soldiers as told in their own words as they wrote letters and poems recorded in the last link.Except from pg 60THE seventeenth, at break of day,The Yankees did surprise usWith the strong works they had thrown up,To burn the town and drive us.But soon we had an order come,An order to defeat them;With three good flints and sixty rounds,Each soldier hoped to beat them.At noon we marched to the Long Wharf,Where boats were ready waitingWith expedition we embarked,Our ships kept cannonading.And soon our boats all filled were.With officers and soldiers,With as good troops as England had,T' oppose who dared control us.And when our boats all filled were,We rowed in line of battleWith grenadiers and infantry.While grape-shot loud did rattle.And when we landed on the shore,We formed in line together;The Yankee boys then manned their works,And swore we shouldn't come thither.Brave General Howe, on our right wing,Cried, " Boys, fight on like thunder;You soon shall see these rebels flee,With great amaze and wonder."But such stout Whigs I never saw;To hang them all I'd rather,Than mow their hay with musket ballsAnd buck-shot mixed together.As for their king, that John Hancock,And Adams, if they're taken.Their heads for signs we'll raise aloftUpon their hill called Beacon.But our conductor, he got broke,For his misconduct, sure, sir;The shot he sent for twelve-pound gunsWere made for twenty-fours, sir.-Source Links-https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=115250https://www.nps.gov/mima/learn/historyculture/the-militia-and-minute-men-of-1775.htmhttps://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/public/gdcmassbookdig/bunkerhillstoryt00drak/bunkerhillstoryt00drak.pdf

74

Warren Tavern - Joseph Warren

2 Pleasant St, Charlestown, MA 02129Dr Joseph Warren was born in Roxbury. He became a Scottish freemason and later became Past Provincial Grand Master of Massachusetts. He played a first-hand role is the raising of militias in and around Boston, as well as procurement of gunpowder, arms, and other supplies. He showed courage and dedication in his patriotic efforts. He was nearly shot during the battle at Lexington Concord and executed at the Battle of Bunker Hill at 34 years of age.…Dr Warren inoculated hundreds during the 1764 smallpox epidemic while he was only 22 years old. (See Spectacle Island) He was the one to treat Christopher Seider who was the very first Revolutionary Martyr. (See Granary Burial Ground)The Boston Massacre was remembered every year with a public commemoration and in 1772 and 1175 Warren was the orator and used the opportunity to move people to fight for independence declaring “Our country is in danger. On you depends the fortunes of America. You are to decide the important question on which rests the happiness and liberty of millions yet unborn. Act worthy of yourselves.”He drafted the Suffolk Resolves which led to the establishment of the Massachusetts Provincial Congress, the activation of the colonial militia, and a courier system to spread alarm. That system was designed at least in part by Paul Revere and implemented when he went on his famous ride. The first warning of British plans came from Dr Warren to Paul Revere (who went by sea) and William Dawes (who went by land over Boston Neck). (See Green Dragon)Dr Warren was in charge of the defense of Boston as the head of the Committee of Safety and worked hard to promote independence and gain provisions including ammunitions.Dr Joseph Warren was considered one of the most dangerous men by the British colonies. British General Thomas Gage is rumored to have said that Warren’s death was equal to the death of 500 ordinary colonials. Modern Forensics show he was shot execution style by a British Officer at Bunker Hill. His body was desecrated but identified by Paul Revere who recognized the wooden teeth he’d made for the Doctor in the first known instance of dental forensics. One of Paul Revere’s grandson’s was named Joseph Warren Revere in his honor.-Source Links-https://www.nps.gov/people/dr-joseph-warren.htmhttps://www.drjosephwarren.com/2013/03/modern-location-of-joseph-warrens-north-end-house/ Site dedicated to him – many links used off main site

75

Breed/ Bunker Hill Monument

Monument Sq, Charlestown, MA 02129This is actually immortalized with the wrong name due to a poem. However there have been disagreements about the names of these hills since the 1600s.“Don’t fire until you see the whites of their eyes” was believed to have been uttered at the battle. The ill-equipped colonists faced the powerful British Army during this famous battle on June 17 1775 and was one of the first times the colonial forces held their own against the British army. While the British claimed victory it was because the patriots ran out of weaponry and abandoned the post. The British 1,054 casualties compared to 450 Americans. This depleted their army enough to abandon plans to seize another high point near the city and ultimately evacuate Boston. In early 1775 after the loss at Lexington-Concord British Commander-in-Chief General Sir Thomas Gage was under pressure to quash the colonial rebellion. The Army planned to launch an attack against the Americans on the heights north and south of Boston. Details of the attack were leaked, and a detachment of 1,000 MA and CT armed men gathered to defend a hill in Charlestown. In one night, they had fortified their position on Breed’s Hill and assembled a makeshift split rail barricade to blunt and flanking action over the south bank of the Mystic River; which astounded the British. It took three advances to break the patriot volley and only because they were running out of powder and shot.The monument was dedicated on June 17th, 1843, 68 years after the famous battle took place however both battle and monument are named after the wrong hill. The monument is on the actual site of the battle which is Breeds hill.-Source Links-https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-true-story-of-the-battle-of-bunker-hill-36721984/https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/the-battle-of-bunker-hill.htm https://www.nps.gov/places/breeds-hill.htmhttp://genealogytrails.com/mass/bunkerhill.html

76

Bunker Hill - Citadel

Bunker Hill Street runs the length of the original Bunker Hill. Where the Monument stands, and entire residential area called Bunker Hill is - was formerly Breeds Hill in colonial times after the farmer Ebenezer Breed who owned it.The Citadel ran from St Martin St to Sackville St right over the middle of Bunker Hill St on both sides.-Source Links-https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/siege-of-boston-map.htm map including the full size of the fortificationhttps://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-true-story-of-the-battle-of-bunker-hill-36721984/ https://www.nps.gov/places/breeds-hill.htmhttps://www.nps.gov/places/bunker-hill.htm

77

Prospect Hill

Prospect Hill Monument, 68 Munroe St, Somerville, MA 02143This section was originally part of the town of Charlestown, but it is now part of Somerville MA.Modern Somerville had a few forts from 1775-1779 – Winter Hill Fort, Ploughed Hill Fort, Cobble Hill Fort, Number Three Fort aka Red House Fort, and this site called Prospect Hill Fort aka Paterson’s Fort.As one of the hills closest to the city of Boston, Prospect Hill played a pivotal role in the line of defensive works constructed after the Battle of Bunker Hill. There was a large continental army fortification here after General Israel Putnam led retreating colonial troops to safety following the Breed's Hill/ Bunker Hill loss. They built it up and then sustained attacks from British cannons on the north and west sides of Boston.Prospect Hill Fort/ Peterson’s Fort was used as a POT camp from 1777-1788 fir British and Hessian troops captured at Saratoga NY. They were then transferred south to Maryland and Virginia.This is considered the location where George Washington hoisted the first flag to represent Continental Congress, called First Navy Ensign and was later replaced by the Grand Union flag in 1777. As pictured in the first link, many battle flags of the American Revolution carried religious inscriptions.(see Minute Men for more on the continental army)-Source Links-https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/religion/rel03.html#obj091https://www.nps.gov/places/prospect-hill-ma.htmhttps://www.northamericanforts.com/East/maboston1.htmlhttps://www.nps.gov/articles/000/siege-of-boston-map.htm

78

Lechmere Point - Fort Ticonderoga

54 Sciarappa St, East Cambridge, MA 02141All the surrounding land was once Lechmere’s Farm. Mind you the coast line was also much closer (see map link). On Nov 9 1770 the British raided the farm for supplies and in particular meat while under continental cannon. They grabbed 12-14 head of cattle and engaged in crossfire between the two sides. British soldiers left with no one wounded or dead while patriots lost 9 men but still considered it a victory because they drove the British back.This spot also held colonial fortifications as it surrounded Boston and guarded the mouth of Willis Creek. It was one of the areas where Washington first set up the cannons that Henry Knox retrieved from Fort Ticonderoga. Both the victory in NY and the trek of equipment were impressive undertakings.…Washington arrived in Cambridge on July 2nd and immediately took about to size up his new army, which was bands of militia that was entirely ignorant of military tactics, formations, and discipline. This was an oversized mob. He set about establishing order, gathering provisions, and training the men. He had to manage scarce foodstuffs and scarce gunpower, a lack of artillery, and smallpox was hitting the men at an ever-increasing rate.To begin the story of where Washington got the artillery he used on Lechmere Point, Ethan Allen and his Green Mountain Boys, together with Benedict Arnold, captured Fort Ticonderoga on May 10, 1775. Fort Ticonderoga was the first offensive victory for American forces in the Revolutionary War. This Fort had been weakened during the French and Indian war as it had undergone heavy bombardment in the bloodiest battle in North America (1759) until the Civil War. The Green Mountain Boys stormed the fort in a swift, late-night sneak attack and both surprised and overwhelmed the small British garrison stationed there.While the location was important during the French and Indian war, Americans weren’t as concerned with the location as much as the vast trove of artillery which was instrumental in the Siege of Boston. Washington needed that artillery and sent Henry Knox to retrieve as much has he could. Once he arrived at the fort, he selected 58 pieces of artillery to take back to Boston. Most of artillery pieces were “12-pounder” or “18-pounder” cannons (depending on the weight of the cannonball they fired). Knox also brought one massive 24-pounder cannon, nicknamed “Old Sow,” that weighed more than 5,000 pounds and several high-arching mortar guns that weighed one ton each. In total, Henry Knox’s “Noble Train of artillery” weighed 120,000 pounds, or 60 tons. This was accomplished in miserable blizzard conditions crossing Lake George and over the Hudson River using improvised sleds over 330 miles and took 40 days. This was sixty tons of artillery moved in a technically complex and demanding operation called the “Noble Train” and completed in just 40 days despite nearly freezing the men to death in the process.Once the guns were finally in Washington’s grasp, they were placed here at a spot called Lechmere’s Point, Cobble Hill in Cambridge (Now Somerville), and on Lamb’s Den in Roxbury; and were bombarding Boston from here. However, at this distance they weren’t as effective as needed. Instead, the cannons made a better distraction as Henry Knox and Nathaniel Greene recommended to Washington. So, they snuck cannons overnight onto Dorchester Heights. See “Dorchester Heights” for info on the Siege of Boston.-Source Links-https://boston1775.blogspot.com/2007/12/view-from-lechmere-point.htmlhttps://boston1775.blogspot.com/2007/10/british-raid-on-lechmeres-point.htmlhttps://historycambridge.org/history-hubs/fort-washington-history-hub/https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/siege-of-boston-map.htm Maphttps://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/guns-ticonderoga Ethan Allen’s Noble Trainhttps://www.battlefields.org/learn/revolutionary-war/battles/fort-ticonderoga-1775 Fort Ticonderoga NY 1775 Military Fortificationhttps://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/i-have-never-spared-spade-and-pick-ax-fortifications-american-revolution

79

Fort Washington Park

95 Waverly St, Cambridge, MA 02139This location is home to the last remaining physical remnant of the many fortifications built around Boston by the continental Army During the Revolution. This area was built up shortly after Washington arrived in July 1775 and was a small earthwork fortification to prevent the movement of British troops up the Charles River during the Siege of Boston. The three-gun battery that is the centerpiece of Fort Washington Park survived thanks to a local family’s efforts to preserve it where the rest of the fortifications were plowed by farmers or built by developers.-Source Links-https://www.nps.gov/places/000/fort-washington.htmhttps://historycambridge.org/history-hubs/fort-washington-history-hub/https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/siege-of-boston-map.htm

80

Hollis St Church - Puritan - Mather Byles Sr

274-284 Tremont St, Boston, MA 02116As the siege of Boston ended in March 1776, about 1,100 Loyalists and their families sailed from the town with the British military forces. Otherwise, the Boston Tories had their properties confiscated, and their contributions to colonial Massachusetts denigrated. Very little is preserved of what happened to those who remained. Except Reverend Doctor Mather Byles Senior, cousin to Rev. Samuel Mather who remained under home arrest until his death.…Byles was well-respected for his quick mind and sharp tongue. And while they groaned at his incessant puns, they delighted at tea-tables and coffee houses in sharing the latest Byles witticisms among themselves. There was a little doggerel ballad about Boston’s ministers circulated in the town and made everyone chuckle that highlighted this kidding aspect of his personality. This was true as even during his judiciary trial he was cracking jokes.“There’s punning Byles invokes our smiles,A man of stately parts;He visits folks to crack his jokes,Which never mend their hearts.With strutting gait, and wig so great,He walks along the streets,And throws out wit, or what’s like it,To every one he meets.”In 1775 Byles was 68 and a congregationalist (Puritan) minister at the Eighth Congregational Church (called the Hollis Street Church) in Boston. He would not budge from insisting that a man could be simultaneously a dissenting Congregationalist and a loyal British subject of the king. Due to that and his firm stance on his sermons remaining politically neutral, after the war he was targeted by the other Puritan Ministers. Charles Chauncy of First Church seems to have instigated the movement to oust Byles from his position. All of Boston’s other Congregationalist ministers were in Chauncy’s camp politically, as were most of their colleagues elsewhere in New England.By July 1777 after two trials, one religious sham and one political, he had been expelled from his ministry, convicted by the revolutionary Committee of Safety as a dangerous person, and placed under house arrest and the guard of an armed sentry. His crime: making disdainful jokes about the rebels and their cause. During the siege someone carefully recorded what he had said in passing and this was used in his trials. Some examples of these are in 1770, when the Boston Massacre place, he had famously asked a friend, “Tell me, my young friend, which is better—to be ruled by one tyrant three thousand miles away, or by three thousand tyrants not a mile away?” and he said “that the town would be inhabited by a better sort of people than those who had left it” once the colonists evacuated under the siege.News of this dismissal on political grounds, with no council called and no theological charges brought, spread rapidly. This troubled clergymen throughout the region as it was unprecedented and improperly done. Afterwards he faced a political trial. John Eliot wrote about that trial: “The evidence was much more in favour of him than against him. All that could be proved was that he is a silly, impertinent, childish person.”Still, he was tried and convicted, ending with him being named as one of 29 Loyalists deemed dangerous to the state in 1777. He went under house-arrest, and they posted an armed sentry at the house. As Loyalists were nicknamed Tories Byles immediately dubbed the sentry “My Observe-a-Tory.” He and his family remained stubborn Loyalists to the end.What fruitage did these spiritual leaders produce? Mt 7:15-20. Consider John 17:16 vs Acts 20:29, 30. What would Jesus have said seeing this?…For the Church itself, the original location is about 813 Washington St Boston. “The terrible fire of 1787 laid waste the whole of the region around Hollis Street. This fire cost the town a hundred houses, of which sixty were dwellings. The British, it is said, on their retreat from the works on the Neck left a rear-guard at Hollis Street, who had orders, if the Americans broke through the tacit convention between Washington and Howe, to fire a train laid to Hollis Street Church, which had served them as a barrack.” There is no proof of this and the fire is attributed to starting in a Malt House and exacerbated by dry and windy weather. By 1876 both Hollis St and Hanover St (Methodist) churches have had three churches erected on the same spot in Boston. Whereas the New North, Old South, Brattle Square, Bromfield Street, Bulfinch Street, West, Baldwin Place, Phillips, Maverick, and Trinity churches, Baptist Bethel, and King's Chapel, were the second edifices on the same site.-Source Links-http://commonplace.online/article/a-loyalist-guarded-re-guarded-and-disregarded/https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/siege-of-boston-map.htmFor really incredible depictions of colonial personalities and what it was like to live at that time in Boston see “commonplace online” link under the heading “Father and Don under Siege: Boston, 1775-1776”https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/public/gdcmassbookdig/oldhistoric00drake/oldhistoric00drake.pdf page 412-416https://guides.bpl.org/bostonfireshttps://www.digitalcommonwealth.org/search/commonwealth:37720m301 Hollis St old

81

Trinity Church (Original Location) - Election Day Sermons

10 Summer StTrinity Church parish was founded in 1733 at this spot. This was the last in the trinity of Episcopal churches to be built in Boston in Colonial times. Destroyed by fire in 1872 and rebuilt in Copley Square. Its famous for its Richardsonian Romanesque architecture and La Farge murals. The original location is pinned here and now part of Downtown Crossing.Little is recorded about the history of the church during the Revolutionary war aside from the fact that most of its parishioners remained Tories or Loyalists. (For more info on what it was like for a Tory during the Seige of Boston see King’s Chapel and Hollis St Church)There was an election day sermon given by Samuel Parker in 1793. He, like other ministers, gave special sermons called Election Day sermons to address the regions recently elected rulers. The annual election sermon was a Puritan phenomenon that lasted for well over two hundred years, from 1634 through 1884. It was one of the means by which church and state, the sacred and the profane were twined so tightly together in colonial New England. The election sermon served as a centering and ritualized observance of the purpose of the entire Puritan enterprise. Election sermons were published and made widely available.Ministers included Addington Davenport (1740-1746); William Hooper (1747-1767); William Walter (1767-1776); Samuel Parker (1779-1804); John Sylvester John Gardiner (1805-1830).Parishioners included Peter Faneuil, Charles Apthorp, Philip Dumaresq, William Coffin, Thomas Aston Coffin, Leonard Vassall, Samuel Hale Parker. In 1789 George Washington worshipped at the church.What fruitage did these spiritual leaders produce? Mt 7:15-20. Consider John 17:16 vs Acts 20:29, 30. What would Jesus have said seeing this?-Source Links-https://www.colonialsociety.org/node/1964https://www.jstor.org/stable/42973502https://wallbuilders.com/sermon-election-1793-massachusetts/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_Church,_Boston_(Summer_Street)https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/siege-of-boston-map.htm

82

Federal St Church – 1809 Presbyterian - John Witherspoon

(See Marker on the Corner) 100 Federal St Bank of America corner of Federal St and Franklin St - This is the first Presbyterian Church in Boston. The building was originally a group of Calvinist Presbyterians (Puritans) meeting in a converted barn on Long Lane (Now Federal St) in 1729. After 3 enlarging renovations it was sold in 1861 and they moved to Arlington Street Church.Presbyterianism started in Pennsylvania although the name was used before then at times for Puritan before they separated; In 1706, seven ministers led by Francis Makemie established the first presbytery in North America, the Presbytery of Philadelphia.However, there were a few Presbyterian Ministers that were quite influential during the American Revolution. The following one is not from Boston but is of interest.John Witherspoon (1723-1794) was an important "political parson" of the Revolutionary period. He was a Presbyterian Minister with a doctorate. He represented New Jersey in the Continental Congress from 1776 to 1782, in which capacity he signed the Declaration of Independence and served on more than one hundred committees. As president of Princeton, Witherspoon was accused of turning the institution into a "seminary of sedition."Dr. Witherspoon enjoyed great success at the College of New Jersey. He turned it into a very successful institution and was a very popular man as a result. He also wrote frequent essays on subjects of interest to the colonies. While he at first abstained from political concerns, he came to support the revolutionary cause, accepting appointment to the committees of correspondence and safety in early 1776. Later that year he was elected to the Continental Congress in time to vote for R. H. Lee's Resolution for Independence. He voted in favor, and shortly after voted for the Declaration of Independence and was one of the signers of it. Another member argued that the country was not yet ripe for such a declaration, he argued that in his opinion it "was not only ripe for the measure, but in danger of rotting for the want of it." Witherspoon was a very active member of congress, serving on more than a hundred committees through his tenure and debating frequently on the floor.In November 1776, he shut down and evacuated the College of New Jersey at the approach of British forces. The British occupied the area and did much damage to the college, nearly destroyed it. Following the war, Witherspoon devoted his life to rebuilding the College.What fruitage did these spiritual leaders produce? Mt 7:15-20. Consider John 17:16 vs Acts 20:29, 30. What would Jesus have said seeing this?-Source Links-https://www.ushistory.org/declaration/signers/witherspoon.htmlhttps://slavery.princeton.edu/stories/john-witherspoonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Street_Church_(Boston)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbytery_of_Bostonhttps://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=176241

83

Edmund Andros - Fort Hill Square

1 International Pl, Boston, MA 02110King Charles II of England and his successor King James revoked several charters in the Americas and replaced them with one, unified charter called the Dominion of New England. This gave James more power over colonial trade, religion, and manufacturing.The problem with that was the previous charters, like the Charter of the Massachusetts Bay Company, were a joint-stock company that gave the colonists the freedom they had monetarily paid and left England for, and the new charter removed their quasi-democratic/theocratic state under Puritan rule and placed them under New York’s direction, specifically under Sir Edmund Andros.Andros sent Joseph Dudley in limited commission under his rule and was met with opposition. Councilors refused to serve under him and he had no authority to introduce new revenue laws, and the Massachusetts government had repealed all such laws in 1683 in anticipation of the loss of their charter. What few tax laws were left went unpaid as colonists felt they were made from a previous government and now invalid.Once Andros arrived in Boston on Dec 20th, 1686 his hardline position met with stiff resistance from a number of Massachusetts communities where he quickly became hated. His attitude didn’t help him with local residents. Andros is quoted as saying “the colonists had left their rights behind when they left England.” The leaders of Ipswich had been most vocal in their opposition and were tried and convicted of misdemeanor offenses.The religious leaders of Massachusetts, led by Cotton and Increase Mather, were opposed to the rule of Andros and organized dissent targeted to influence the court in London. They sought favor with King James to repeal the charter. With the British ‘Glorious Revolution’, James was deposed by William III and Mary II. Increase Mather petitioned the new monarchs and the Lords of Trade for restoration of the old Massachusetts charter and to delay notifying Andros of the change to English monarchy.Previous Colonial governor Simon Bradstreet is one of several possible organizers of the 1689 Boston Revolt where Bradstreet and other pre-Dominion magistrates addressed an open letter to Andros on that day calling for his surrender. Edmund Andros, Edward Randolph, and Joseph Dudley were arrested and imprisoned in Boston.The Dominion then effectively collapsed as local authorities in each colony seized dominion representatives and reasserted their earlier power. Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New Hampshire scrambled to reinstate previous charters in some modernized form with legal backing from King William III.Andros managed to send a message while in captivity to Lieutenant Governor Nicholson. However he was unable to take any effective action due to rising tensions in New York combined with the fact that most of Nicholson’s troops had been sent to Maine. Nicholson was overthrown by local colonists supported by the militia in Leisler’s Rebellion and he fled to England.This led to the formation of the Province of Massachusetts Bay charter in 1691 which merged Massachusetts with Plymouth colony and restored the territories that had been taken by New York including Nantucket, Martha’s Vineyard, the Elizabeth Islands, and parts of Maine.The Boston Revolt returned control of the Massachusetts Bay Colony to the Puritans and inspired revolts in other American colonies. Colonists had rebelled and been supported by the new British King. One generation later history shows this prevailing rebellious attitude only grew as American’s grievances against English authority grew.…This location is now known as Fort Hill Square, and there used to be a hill here, with a Fort, aptly named Fort Hill which was part of the Sconce, or South Battery. (Separate from Roxbury’s Fort Hill) Edmund Andros used this location as his headquarters during his command. See last links for how it was addressed as both Fort Mary and Fort Hill despite being the same spot as Boston had a habit of moving and switching Fort names. (See South Battery for more info on the fortifications of Fort Hill.)-Source Links-https://newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/great-boston-revolt-1689/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Englandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1689_Boston_revolthttps://www.ancestry.com/historicalinsights/boston-revolthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_Matherhttps://collections.leventhalmap.org/search/commonwealth:9s161975x https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Boston1692.jpg and https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/siege-of-boston-map.htm locational maps show fort on south east side of Shawmut Peninsula/Boston – double checked with Siege of Boston/ NPS Pelham map overlay and that fits this spot as the garrison headquarters of Andros – Fort Hill Square, Boston

84

Batterymarch St

The street gained its name from the company of British soldiers that marched from their barracks to the South Battery and back again every day. The map shows the original marchway as running down this street as well as along 2 blocks of Purchase st (From Oliver St to Broad St). (See South Battery for more info on the fortifications of the area)Around 1800, a consortium of investors that included the entrepreneur Uriah Cotting, Francis Cabot Lowell and sea captain Henry Jackson commissioned Charles Bulfinch to create plans for 10 retail stores. They offered these stores for sale at $5,000 apiece, a sum that could be paid in installments over years. Mr. Bulfinch was an extraordinary architect but a terrible businessman. The investors probably paid him as little for the Batterymarch Street shops as they later did for his Broad Street plans—about $40. That’s a paltry $573 in today’s money. For years the street housed taverns and coffee houses.-Source Links-https://aknextphase.com/tag/south-battery/https://aknextphase.com/batterymarch-street-who-goes-there/https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/siege-of-boston-map.htm

85

South Battery - Rowe's Wharf and Fort Hill

50 Rowes Wharf, Boston, MA 02110The General Court of Massachusetts ordered the South Battery built in 1666 not to protect Boston against the British—the citizens of Boston at that time were British. City fathers constructed the fort because the third Anglo- Dutch War (1672–74) was imminent. While the North Battery protected the mouth of the Charles, the Sconce or South Battery protected the Town Cove (Now solid land) and the Castle (Castle Island) protected the sea.…In 1666 a protective battery called the "Sconce", or the "South Battery", was built at the foot of Fort Hill in the area now known as Rowes Wharf. The current pin is at the location of cannons during the Siege of Boston according to the 1776 Pelham map. This was one of “two strong arms” reaching out at either end of the Great Cove, the other arm being North Battery on “Merry’s Point” at the foot of Copp’s Hill.Fort Hill was a little set back from the seawall on the eastern foot of the hill. This military installation was located at the south tip of a body of water called the Town Cove. This is the site where Governor Edmund Andros made his headquarters under Dominion rule (See Edmund Andros) Fort Hill was cut down in 1868 and 1869 and its clay underlies Atlantic Avenue. The Town Cove was filled in during the land-making process and the south tip became the site of Rowe’s Wharf in the 18th century.Of these harbor defenses, the fort on Fort Hill was first erected, begin in the Town’s second year (Boston); the Castle (Castle Island) next, in 1634; then North Battery in 1646, and lastly the Sconce (Rowes Wharf) in 1666. Seven years later, in 1673, these batteries were connected by a “Barricado”, a sea wall and wharf of timber and stones, built in a straight line upon the flats before the Town across the mouth of the Great Cove, with openings at intervals to allow vessels to pass inside to the town docks. (see picture) Its purpose was primarily to secure the Town from fire ships in case of the approach of an enemy; but it was also intended for wharfage, and it came early to be called the “Out Wharves.”As a defense, the Barricado proved needless, for no hostile ship ever passed the Castle till the Revolution; it began to fall into decay early in the Province period, although it was retained for some years longer while the batteries were steadily kept up and supplied. In peacetime, the Battery had a company assigned to it in case of invasion but had only one gunner. During the 1740s, the Battery was extended into the harbor and was defended by thirty-five guns.South Battery includes Rowes Wharf and Foster’s Wharf – both were built as commercial wharfs off the main soldier marchway (See Batterymarch) Foster's Wharf was originally called "Apthorp's Wharf". Charles Ward Apthorp was a staunch Tory and backed the losing side in the American Revolution; his land was confiscated and sold to William Foster. For the next 150 years or so, commercial shipping continued to be a main user of the area. (To see the exact layout of the coast, wharfs, and battlements see the NPS siege of boston link below.)(Fort Hill Note: Boston has an unfortunate habit of renaming Forts, or moving names from one Fort to another, leaving them difficult to research. Fort Hill was referred to as Fort Mary when it was a garrison used as headquarters for Governor Edmund Andros in December 1686, but has been called Fort Hill since it was first built up.)-Source Links-https://www.kellscraft.com/RamblesBoston/ramblesboston06.html (Includes drawings around boston from 1900s)https://aknextphase.com/tag/south-battery/https://boston1775.blogspot.com/2018/11/wheelwright-to-apthorp-to-molineux.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbor_Defenses_of_Boston Including Boston forts kept changing nameshttps://www.nps.gov/articles/000/siege-of-boston-map.htm

86

Captain John Foster Williams (1743-1814)

408 Atlantic Ave, Boston, MA 02110The image is a painting of Captain John Foster Williams Lane as a boy. Born in Boston he went to sea at 15 and by 22 was commanding merchant vessels. He was a patriot privateer and naval officer who fought many battles and commanded several ships including the Mass Navy 14-gun brig Hazard. He captured the “Active” and “Admiral Duff” He was captured by the British in 1781 in the West Indies and held as prisoner of war until peace was declared. He was selected by George Washington to captain the first revenue cutter called Massachusetts as part of a service that became the Revenue Marine, predecessor of today’s US Coast Guard. He is said to have remained in command through the War of 1812 right up until his death.…Williams was commissioned a captain in the Navy of Massachusetts and received command of the brig Hazard late in 1777. In the following year, he took her to sea in a fruitless search for British West Indiamen; but he and his ship eventually achieved success in 1779. While cruising in the West Indies, Hazard fought with the privateer brigantine Active on 16 March. At the end of a "smart action" of 35-minutes' duration, "yard arm to yard arm," Active struck her colors and became Hazard's prize, after having suffered 13 killed and 20 wounded out of her 95-man crew. Hazard sent the captured brigantine back to Massachusetts under a prize crew and subsequently returned home in April, after taking several other prizes. In May, Hazard returned to sea, this time in company with the brig Tyrannicide. At 0830 on 15 June, the two ships fell in with two British ships and—after a short, sharp engagement—forced both enemy vessels to strike their colors. Later that summer, Hazard—like the rest of the Massachusetts Navy—took part in the ill-fated Penobscot expedition, an operation which eventually cost the state's navy all its commissioned vessels. (See second pin on this site)Williams received command of the new 20-gun frigate Protector in the spring of 1780 and took her to sea in June. In accordance with instructions from the Board of War, the new warship cruised in the vicinity of the Newfoundland Banks, on the lookout for British merchantmen. Her vigilance was rewarded early in June.At 0700 on 9 June 1780, Protector spotted a strange ship bearing down on her, flying British colors. At 1100, the Continental frigate, also flying English colors, hailed the stranger and found her to be the 32-gun letter-of-marque Admiral Duff, bound for London from St. Kitts. When the enemy's identity had been ascertained, Protector hauled down British colors and ran up the Continental flag—opening fire almost simultaneously. The action ensued for the next hour and one-half, until Admiral Duff caught fire and exploded, leaving 55 survivors for Protector to rescue soon thereafter.He continued in command eventually being captured and held as prisoner of war until peace was declared then he returned to his native Boston. Because of rampant smuggling and the need for enforcement of tariff laws, upon the urging of Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton, the United States Congress created the Revenue-Marine on 4 August 1790. Under the enabling legislation that authorized the Revenue-Marine, a "System of Cutters", consisting of ten ships, were initially ordered and constructed. John Foster Williams was commissioned as a Revenue-Marine officer by President George Washington March 21, 1791 and given oversight of construction of the cutter Massachusetts which he later commanded. After Massachusetts was determined to be too slow for her assigned tasks she was decommissioned, and Massachusetts II was constructed and commissioned in 1793; Williams was chosen as master and remained Commander until his death at 70 years of age. See the last link for his operations on Massachusetts II during the War of 1812.Williams died in Boston on 24 June 1814. The ship USS Williams (DD-108) was named for him. He is buried at Granary Burying Grounds.-Source Links-https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/6767444/john-foster-williamshttp://famousamericans.net/johnfosterwilliams/https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=215566https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history-magazine/2015/august/few-armed-vessels-judiciously-stationedhttps://media.defense.gov/2017/Jun/26/2001768973/-1/-1/0/WAROF1812DOC.PDF War 1812 page 7https://www.history.uscg.mil/Browse-by-Topic/Assets/Water/All/Article/2503347/massachusetts-1801/ War of 1812 Events and Operations

87

Penobscot Expedition

408 Atlantic Ave, Boston, MA 02110In summary the Penobscot Expedition was the worst naval disaster in American history until Pearl Harbor. In 1779, British warships and troop transports sailed into Bagaduce (now Castine, Maine), on the Penobscot Bay. Seven hundred British troops built a fort to defend Canada, deny timber to the rebels and interrupt their privateering. Where Americans were expected to win the battle they mishandled it so poorly they lost their entire Navy.…The British intended to settle the outpost as a haven for Loyalists and to call it New Ireland. Maine then belonged to Massachusetts, and the colony’s leaders soon got word of the British presence on its soil. Civilian officeholders of the commonwealth decided to force them out.The Penobscot Expedition included 40 vessels, nearly 2,000 seamen and marines, 100 artillerymen, 870 militia and 350 guns. Civilians planned the operation with little military input, and badly trained part-time soldiers carried it out. Paul Revere took charge of the artillery train. He didn’t have much military training, but he had repaired the guns damaged when the British evacuated Boston.When the massive flotilla left Boston Harbor, everyone expected it to capture the garrison – even the British. Though the Americans seemed to have a decisive advantage, the British had more military experience. They also had a favorable geographic position and better coordination between land and sea forces. Revere wanted to storm the fort, but Lovell ordered a siege. Saltonstall refused to clear the harbor of the three British ships. For two weeks the militiamen sat outside the fort. Lovell wouldn’t attack the fort until Saltonstall attacked the fleet, but Saltonstall wouldn’t attack the fleet until Lovell attacked the fort.Meanwhile, the dithering allowed the British to build up the earthen walls of the fort and request reinforcements. On Aug. 13, the British relief fleet arrived and Saltonstall ordered a retreat – up the Penobscot River. As the British bore down, the Americans burned and sank their own ships, then disappeared into the woods. Revere and the others made their way back to Massachusetts.In the end, Americans lost all their ships but one, which the British captured. The Americans lost 470 men; the British only 13. Recrimination followed the disaster. Dudley Saltonstall was court martialed and dismissed from the Continental Navy. He then turned to privateering. Lt Col Paul Revere was placed under house arrest and charged with unsoldierlike behavior and cowardice. It took him 2 years to clear his name as he’d made enemies due to his arrogance.-Source Links-https://penobscot1779.tripod.com/PE%20history.htmhttps://newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/penobscot-expedition-americas-forgotten-military-disaster/https://blog.togetherweserved.com/2022/08/01/the-penobscot-expedition/https://www.history.navy.mil/research/underwater-archaeology/sites-and-projects/ship-wrecksites/penobscot-expedition-archaeological-project.html Wreck of USS Defense

88

Boston Tea Party Ships & Museum

306 Congress St, Boston, MA 02210Dec 16, 1773, Sons of Liberty disguised as Mohawk Indians and armed with axes quietly boarded three ships, the Beaver, the Dartmouth, and the Eleanor, carrying British East India Company Tea moored at Griffin’s Wharf and within 3 hours smashed and dumped 340 chests of tea. That’s over 92,000lbs of tea destroyed. This event was critical in sparking the American Revolution…According to the 1767 Townshend Act the absolute deadline for payment of the tea tax was 20 days after the arrival of the tea or the ships and cargo would be seized by authorities. While the act forced colonists to only purchase British tea and pay the tax, the tea was still cheaper than other foreign imports. The raid was very carefully planned in advance so there would be no violence and no destruction to private property. No eyewitnesses were able to confirm the identities of any participants.Many of the Boston Tea Party participants fled Boston immediately after the destruction of the tea to avoid arrest. George Hewes remembered, “We then quietly retired to our several places of residence, without having any conversation with each other, or taking any measures to discover who were our associates… There appeared to be an understanding that each individual should volunteer his services, keep his own secret, and risk the consequence for himself. No disorder took place during that transaction, and it was observed at that time that the stillest night ensued that Boston had enjoyed for many months.” Only one member of the Sons of Liberty, Francis Akeley, was caught and imprisoned for his participation. He was the only person ever to be arrested for the Boston Tea Party.Still weeks later Boston Harbor smelled of tea and locals went out in rowboats to beat the tea to prevent it from being salvaged as it lay floating in considerable quantities. This led to the Intolerable Acts previously labelled Boston Port Act where Boston Harbor was shut down until all 340 chests of tea were paid for. American Colonists responded by convening the First Continental Congress. The Boston Tea Party was the first significant act of defiance by American colonists and is a defining event in American history. The implication and impact of the Boston Tea Party were enormous ultimately leading to the start of the American Revolution.To this day Americans generally prefer coffee over tea. Many attribute this to the history of how drinking coffee was viewed as a political statement in the colonies following the Boston Tea Party, with tea then being considered the beverage of the enemy.See video for how East India Company influenced Tea ActSee links below for more details on the days surrounding the party.-Source Links-https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/boston-teapot-tonighthttps://www.bostonteapartyship.com/boston-tea-party-historyhttps://www.history.com/topics/american-revolution/boston-tea-partyhttps://www.battlefields.org/learn/head-tilting-history/sip-sip-hurrah-how-coffee-shaped-revolutionary-america

89

Boston Neck - William Dawes

Near 1222 A Washington St, Boston, MA 02118Dawes was a tanner, shoe maker, and a patriot; however he kept a low-profile and didn’t draw attention as a rabble-rouser. This gave him access to move more freely than many others.William Dawes fought at Bunker Hill and worked to supply the new army. Dawes appears in “The Road to Concord” as the Committee of Safety’s liaison to whoever in Boston knew where the militia train’s stolen cannon were hidden. His descendants in the late 1800s said that he had participated in stealing those cannons as well. In 1776 he was commissioned second major of the Boston militia regiment and worked as quartermaster in central Mass.His tomb marker is at King’s Chapel but modern research points to him being buried in his first wife’s family plot in Forest Hills Cemetery in JP, this is also where Dr Joseph Warren was moved to in 1856.…In October of 1774 Dawes planned and led a daring break-in at the gun house on Boston Common. While the guards were at roll call, Dawes and several members of his artillery company stole two small brass cannons, sneaking them out the back window, and hid them in a large box under the desk in a nearby school house. During the break-in he injured his wrist and was treated by fellow patriot Dr Joseph Warren who was not informed of how he’d been injured.When a British sergeant later discovered the cannons were missing, he exclaimed: “They are gone. These fellows will steal the teeth out of your head while you are keeping guard.” The guards searched the yard, gun-house and school house but never found the hidden cannons.The cannons remained hidden in the school house for two weeks until Dawes had them removed one night in a wheelbarrow and hid them under a pile of coal in a blacksmith shop.On January 5, 1775, the Committee of Safety voted to move the stolen cannons to Waltham. The cannons remained in active service throughout the revolutionary war.Dr Warren was the one who found out about the British plan to arrest John Hancock and Samuel Adams as well as munitions at Concord from an informant, and sent Dawes as well as Revere on different routes to warn Lexington and Concord.Dawes was given the land route over Boston Neck as it passed through the British checkpoint at Boston neck and was a riskier mission than by sea. Dawes was a loyal patriot but wasn’t a rabble-rouser and his work as a tanner meant frequent travel, so he was a familiar face to the British manning the checkpoint and had managed to befriend a few of them on previous trips. Dawes set off around 9pm about an hour before Warren dispatched Revere and somehow made it through the checkpoint right before the British halted all travel through it.He went west then north through Roxbury, Brookline, Brighton, Cambridge, and Menotomy. On his ride west, Dawes alerted more riders, who in turn rallied companies from neighboring towns: Dedham, Needham, Framingham, Newton, and Watertown. Where Revere awoke town leaders and military commanders, Dawes was quieter in his ride as he hurried towards Lexington where he met Revere and Lexington’s Hancock-Clark House at 12:30am. They set out for Concord together with Dr Samuel Prescott.Revere, riding in front, ran into a British roadblock. Dawes and Prescott were captured before they could be warned. As the British tried to lead them into a meadow, Prescott signaled that they should make their escape, and all three rode off. Back on the road towards Lexington, Dawes realized that his horse was too tired to outrun the Redcoats. As he pulled up in the yard of a house, he reared his horse and shouted, “I’ve got two of them – surround them!” His trick succeeded in scaring off his pursuers, although he fell from his horse and lost his watch. Dawes kept a low profile and walked back to Lexington – later returning and finding his watch.Dr Samuel Prescott being a local from Concord, rode through fields and creek beds that he well knew, quickly outdistancing his would-be captors. It was Prescott who warned the town of Concord of the impending British march.“The Midnight Ride of William Dawes” by Helen F. Moore in 1896 as a poetic complaint and parody to Longfellow’s Midnight Ride. Some excerpts are below.I am a wandering, bitter shade,Never of me was a hero made;Poets have never sung my praise,Nobody crowned my brow with bays;And if you ask me the fatal cause,I answer only, "My name was Dawes"'Tis all very well for the children to hearOf the midnight ride of Paul Revere;But why should my name be quite forgot,Who rode as boldly and well, God wot?Why should I ask? The reason is clear --My name was Dawes and his Revere.When the lights from the old North Church flashed out,Paul Revere was waiting about,But I was already on my way.The shadows of night fell cold and grayAs I rode, with never a break or a pause;But what was the use, when my name was Dawes!(For a video specifically on Dawes - https://www.youtube.com/embed/aJofCN2N_PE?start=0&end=322 )-Source Links-https://www.history.com/news/the-midnight-ride-of-william-daweshttps://historyofmassachusetts.org/william-dawes/http://www.paul-revere-heritage.com/midnight-ride-william-dawes.htmlhttps://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/patriotsday-william-dawes

90

Dorchester Heights - Nooks Hill (Foster's)

There is an NPS plaque here on the side of the building to the right of the door across from 118 B St, South Boston, MA 02127There were two colonial fortifications in this area, this site was the smaller one, and the major one was where Dorchester Heights Monument is now. Anything North and East of this spot was all marshlands. This site was known also as Nook's Hill, Newks, or Nuke's Hill, Foster's Hill (Foste in the map link). It rose a hundred or so feet into the air over the channel between Dorchester and Boston's Neck. While not the highest point of Dorchester Heights, Foster's Hill overlooked the Boston Neck and provided a direct view of the town’s wharves and shoreline. Due to that location, General George Washington ordered the top of the hill fortified on March 9, 1776.During the effort to fortify the hill, British soldiers in Boston saw light from a campfire set by the Continentals and unleashed their cannons upon the site. The four men stationed there became the only casualties for George Washington in South Boston. This also meant that it was too close and so they set the main fortifications where the Dorchester Heights Monument is now.(Video is mostly for the main fortification on Twin Hills as well as the army and artillery)-Source Links-https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/siege-of-boston-map.htmhttps://www.nps.gov/places/foster-s-hill.htm

91

Dorchester Heights - The Twin Hills - SIEGE OF BOSTON

95R G St, Boston, MA 02127On the evening of March 4, 1776, Washington directed his men to take the cannon from Fort Ticonderoga up Dorchester Heights south of the city. He also ordered his troops in Cambridge to fire on the redcoats. The British blasted the American guns in Cambridge throughout the night, only to discover the many cannons pointed at them from Dorchester Heights on the following morning. The British Commander General William Howe remarked, "My God, these fellows have done more work in one night than I could make my army do in three months."…See “Lechmere Point” for more details on Ethan Allen’s men and the trek from Fort Ticonderoga, NY. See “Nook’s Hill” for a video that explains the trek leading up to this fortification.If you’re wondering why the monument is so far away from the coast, it’s because the South Boston Waterfront was all marshland at that time and Boston was only accessible by land across a very thin isthmus. (See NPS Seige of Boston Map for original landscape)Dorchester Heights was also known as Telegraph Hill or Thomas Park. The Monument here marks the last surviving hill of a collection of hills that once commanded Boston and Boston Harbor. British Soldiers from Castle William (a British military stronghold on Castle Island nearby) explored how to fortify the site but recognized it would be difficult to do so in the frozen ground. In the meantime, British supplies were running low as well, specifically food and meat.George Washington favored a direct assault but Henry Knox and Nathaniel Greene, local military strategists, want to fortify the high points around Boston instead. Washington and his Generals planned a distraction to fortify the Heights undetected. On the nights of March 2, 3 and 4, Washington ordered a large bombardment of Boston which diverted the attention of British forces to the west of town.Finally, on the night of March 4, 1776, Washington directed General John Thomas and Colonel Richard Gridley, the chief engineer of the army, to fortify Dorchester Heights with artillery moved from Fort Ticonderoga. What they lacked in cannons they faked with painted logs to look even more entrenched. Over 1,200 soldiers and volunteers and 300 oxcarts transported tools and materials to the site as stealthily as possible. The dawn of March 5, 1776 – the 6-year anniversary of the Boston Massacre – revealed to everyone what the Continental forces achieved overnight. A fortification with cannon towered over Boston, as well as the only shipping routes out of the Harbor. British General William Howe commented, "My God, these fellows have done more work in one night than I could make my army do in three months." Howe sent troops up to Dorchester Heights to dislodge the guns, but a snowstorm prevented the assault. Fearing a brutal bombardment, he decided to leave Boston. On March 17, 1776, known afterward as "Evacuation Day," 11,000 redcoats and hundreds of Loyalists left the city by boat.-Source Links-https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/siege-bostonhttps://allthingsliberty.com/2019/09/massachusetts-privateers-during-the-siege-of-boston/https://www.nps.gov/places/dorchester-heights.htmhttps://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/a90667c2-2194-472a-84fc-a466b2f27a04https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/siege-of-boston-map.htm NPS Maphttps://www.battlefields.org/learn/maps/animated-battle-maps For other major battles after the war was officially underwayhttps://www.walkingboston.com/tour-boston-history/ multiple mapshttps://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/03-03-02-0390-0002 Inventory of British stores Left in Boston, March 20, 1776

92

Castle Island - Fort William - Fort Independence (2)

2010 William J Day Blvd, Boston, MA 02127This used to be an Island and a British Fortress knows as ‘the Castle’, Then Castle William or Fort William, then Fort Adams in 1778, then Fort Independence (This is the second Fort Independence as the first was in Hull MA from 1776-1782). Whatever it’s name, it's considered the "oldest fortified military site in British North America" It was rebuilt and expanded 6 times prior to the American Revolution, once during it, and twice afterwards. During the Revolutionary War this Fort became a refuge for British soldiers facing colonial upheaval in Boston. In March 1776 the Continental Army fortified nearby Dorchester Heights in the dead of night. General William Howe ordered an attack but due to poor weather had to return to the safety of the fort. By that time there were over 200 guns here with multiple heavily fortified bastions. With the Colonial armies surrounding Boston, General Howe announced the evacuation (See “Dorchester Heights” for more) In evacuating they set the fort on fire and placed land mines to destroy it. After being rebuilt it was used as a state prison for a short time.During the war of 1812 the fort was again repaired and expanded. This was commonly called America’s Second War of Independence as it bitted the fledgling United States, barely 20 years old, against Great Britain in a conflict that centered on the recognition of American commercial and political rights.George Washington, in his Farewell Address, laid out this policy of American neutrality in European affairs.“The great rule of conduct for us, in regard to foreign nations, is in extending our commercial relations, to have with them as little political connection as possible. Europe has a set of primary interests, which to us have none, or a very remote relation. Hence she must be engaged in frequent controversies the causes of which are essentially foreign to our concerns. Hence, therefore, it must be unwise in us to implicate ourselves, by artificial ties, in the ordinary vicissitudes of her politics, or the ordinary combinations and collisions of her friendships or enmities.” – George Washington, 1796However, both the British and the French expected American support during the war and would not accept American neutrality in the matter. Both sides attacked and impounded American shipping, trusting that the United States Navy was unable to respond effectively, and expecting the ‘democratic experiment’ to fail. The British continued to forcibly conscript American sailors for service in the British Royal Navy. After these diplomatic issues, The United States declared war on Great Britain, thinking this would give the country a chance to attack and capture parts of Canada. However, it’s troops were often ill-disciplined militia with a very small core of professional soldiers against the British massive numbers of experienced troops and the most powerful Navy afloat, known as the Royal Navy.During this was Castle Williams never had to fire a shot in defense. Admiral Cochrane, the commander of British naval forces in the North American region declined to attack New York Harbor because of the system of coastal defense in place. The four-story masonry fortress with its massed artillery batteries was a sufficient deterrent on its own, guarding the major approaches to Lower Manhattan by sea. Instead, the Royal Navy landed General Ross and his British invasion force on the coast of Maryland. This veteran British force swept aside pitiful American resistance and went on to burn Washington D.C. to the ground.The War of 1812 was a stalemate in the final analysis. Despite stunning American victories in single-ship actions at sea, like the fight between the USS Constitution and HMS Guerriere, and Andrew Jackson’s defense of New Orleans, the United States had not won enough major battles to call for a favorable peace. Instead, things were restored to the same state of affairs as before the war with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent between the United States and Great Britain. Castle Island remained untested in combat but was active during the World Wars in case of a coastal attack.Edgar Allan Poe, who served in the Army here briefly in 1827, wrote "The Cask of Amontillado" which was loosely based on an incident that was said to have occurred here in December 1817 which turned out to be legend.The fort was inactive from 1880 to 1898, briefly reactivated during the Spanish-American War as a mine depot. A two-gun AA battery was built in 1917, but no guns mounted. The old fort was open to the public between the World Wars. An earthen causeway was built in 1925, with a car road added in 1932. A U.S. Navy Degaussing Station was here 1942 - 1945. The fort was finally surplused in 1960. The outer batteries were demolished in 1964, and the ground was leveled to form a park. The surrounding area was also in-filled to connect with the mainland. Open to the public again beginning in 1975.-Source Links-https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/war-1812-timelinehttps://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/brief-overview-war-1812https://home.nps.gov/gois/learn/historyculture/castle-williams-and-the-war-of-1812.htmhttps://www.nps.gov/places/fort-independence-castle-william.htmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_William_and_Maryhttps://www.northamericanforts.com/East/maboston1.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbor_Defenses_of_Bostonhttp://fortwiki.com/Fort_Independence_(1)https://newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/edgar-allan-poe-writes-a-story-based-on-a-boston-harbor-legend/

93

USS Chesapeake - Naval Battles of 1812 (1812-1815)

Off Castle IslandWith newer, faster, and heavily armed ships, the Americans were able to inflict a series of defeats their first year of the war. Overall Americans won 16 out of 19 oceanic naval battles with Britain during this war. This is rather shocking as during the war of 1812 the US had only 16 warships, 62 gunboats, and 1,000 officers and men to the Royal Navy which had 600 ships in service and 130,000 men. Early on the US was able to win a number of single-ship naval battles leading the British to group together instead of fight one-on-one. Britain also dominated any land campaigns leading to a draw. Both sides could claim victory, the British because they held on to Canada and their maritime rights, and the United States because in causing a draw they earned the respect of Europe. The war laid the foundations for the emergence of Canada as an independent nation. The real losers in the war were the indigenous nations of North America who were defeated in two wars connected to the War of 1812 – Tecumseh’s War and Creek War. American success in those battles opened the door for westward expansion and threatened the indigenous peoples and their ways of life east of the Mississippi River.The USS Chesapeake started as one of the preliminary conflicts leading to the war of 1812 and ended up losing a battle outside of Boston Harbor then being captured and sold. Scrap parts remain in a museum in the UK.…In the spring of 1807, during the Napoleonic Wars, several British naval vessels from the North American Station were blockading French ships in the Chesapeake Bay. A number of Royal Navy seamen had deserted from these ships and local American authorities gave them sanctuary. The British consul sent a letter to the Gosport Navy Yard (Norfolk Naval Shipyard) ordering them to be turned over. The consul claimed the men had enlisted in the U.S. Navy, which was recruiting a crew for Chesapeake, then at the Washington Navy Yard. They dispatched HMS Leopard under the command of Captain Salusbury Pryce Humphreys with written orders authorizing boarding and searching of the USS Chesapeake to recover any of the deserters. They found the USS Chesapeake off the coast of Norfolk, Virginia commanded by Commodore James Barron.The discussion between the captains proved inconclusive, so Captain Humphreys ordered the American ship to submit, firing a round across the bow, and when they refused to surrender, then fired broadsides. Unprepared and loaded Chesapeake only managed to fire a single fun in return and then struck her colors and surrendered. Three crew were killed and 18 wounded. Still unsatisfied Humphreys refused the surrender and sent a boarding party to search again. Humphreys seized four Royal Navy deserters: Daniel Martin, John Strachan and William Ware and Jenkin Ratford. Only Ratford was British-born. The others were American residents. Jenkin Ratford, the sole British citizen, was sentenced to death and was hanged from the yardarm of Halifax on August 31, 1807. The three American deserters received sentences of 500 lashes each.The encounter caused a storm of protest from the United States government, and the British government eventually offered to return the three American residents and to pay reparations for the damage to Chesapeake. This helped lead to the war of 1812 (1812-1815).… Battle of Boston Harbor …In what became known as the Battle of Boston Harbor, Captain Philip Broke, commander of the HMS Shannon, issued a challenge to Chesapeake's commander (Captain James Lawrence). Shannon’s goal was to lure the inexperienced Chesapeake into open ocean where it had tactical advantage and didn’t have to maneuver the notorious shoals of the harbor. It worked.Chesapeake fared poorly in the early exchange of gunfire, having her wheel and part of her rigging shot away, rendering her unmanoeuvrable. Lawrence was killed and carried below while issuing his last order “Tell the men to fire faster and don’t give up the ship!” British Marines and sailors board the vessel and overwhelm them. The battle was intense and lasted ten to fifteen minutes, in which time 252 men were killed or wounded including the Shannon's captain who was seriously injured. “Don’t give up the ship!” becomes a powerful rallying cry for the U.S. Navy that persists even today.Chesapeake and her crew were taken to Halifax, Nova Scotia, where the sailors were imprisoned; the ship was repaired and taken into service by the Royal Navy. She was sold at Portsmouth, England, in 1819 and broken up. Surviving timbers are included in the Chesapeake Mill in Wickham UK.-Source Links-https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/war-1812-timelinehttps://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/brief-overview-war-1812https://www.history.navy.mil/our-collections/art/exhibits/conflicts-and-operations/the-war-of-1812/uss-chesapeake-vs-hms-shannon.htmlhttps://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/our-collections/art/exhibits/conflicts-and-operations/the-war-of-1812/uss-chesapeake--hms-leopard-affair.htmlhttps://ussconstitutionmuseum.org/major-events/war-of-1812-chronology/https://www.history.navy.mil/browse-by-topic/wars-conflicts-and-operations/1812.htmlhttps://hmhps.ca/sites/shannon-vs-chesapeakehttps://www.flickr.com/photos/cartoko/4493623734

94

Governors Island - Logan Intl Airport

This used to be an island in the holdings of Governor John Winthrop then became government property. In 1744 as site for coastal defense a block house and two-gun battery was built under British control. It became a four-pointed star fort called Fort Warren (1) from 1808-1814 and renamed Fort Winthrop in 1833. (Fort Warren as a name was transferred to George’s Island)Secretary of War Henry Dearborn's report on fortifications for December 1811 described it as "...a star fort of masonry, mounting twelve guns...and brick barracks for 40 men...On the West head, a circular battery of ten guns mounted [and] on the South point, a circular battery, calculated for ten guns..."A three-story casemated citadel for 16 guns was built over the star fort in 1846 with continued improvements such as multiple smaller gun batteries surrounding it starting in the 1840s. After significant damage due to a magazine explosion in 1901 it was abandoned as an active post in 1905. Stonework from Fort Winthrop was used to build the foundation of Storrow Drive. The island and fort’s remains were leveled in 1946 to enlarge Logan Airport for modern aircraft.-Source Links-https://www.bostonharborislands.org/blog/governors-island/https://www.nps.gov/places/governors-island.htmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governors_Island_(Massachusetts)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Winthrophttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbor_Defenses_of_Boston - Boston forts and harbor defenseshttp://www.fortwiki.com/Fort_Winthrop_(1)

95

Parsonage - Dillaway/Thomas House

183 Roxbury St, Boston, MA 02119Said to be one of the oldest buildings in Roxbury. Reverend Oliver Peabody originally built the house as a parsonage for the First Church of Roxbury. His successor Amos Adams was minister when the war broke out. Adams published two discourses on religious liberty in 1767 and died of dysentery on October 5, 1775, in Dorchester midway through the siege.Due to its prime location at the top of a hill, the house became the headquarters for General John Thomas of the Continental Army during the siege of Boston. General George Washington may have held a meeting there while General Thomas managed the fortification of Dorchester Heights.As stated in Francis S. Drake’s The Town of Roxbury:The headquarters having, as we know, been on Meeting-House Hill, this would naturally be a most eligible situation, as from its rear windows Boston, the British works on the Neck, and even the heights of Charlestown were in full view. The battle of Bunker’s Hill and the conflagration of Charlestown were witnessed from its upper windows by the general and his officers.After the war, the house’s ownership transferred to Charles K. Dillaway, an esteemed educator who later served as the superintendent of Roxbury schools. It is now headquarters for the Roxbury Heritage State Park.What fruitage did these spiritual leaders produce? Mt 7:15-20. Consider John 17:16 vs Acts 20:29, 30. What would Jesus have said seeing this?-Source Links-https://www.nps.gov/places/dillaway-thomas-house.htmhttps://www.nps.gov/articles/000/siege-of-boston-map.htmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amos_Adams

96

First Church of Roxbury

10 Putnam St, Boston, MA 02119First Church in Roxbury, which, gathered in 1631, was the sixth church founded in New England. The Church has had five different meeting houses at its site at the intersection of Highland Avenue and Centre Street, with the current dwelling, built in 1803, still standing today as the oldest wooden frame church building in Boston.According to the Roxbury Historical Society, the First Church of Roxbury marked the first stop of the April 18, 1775 Midnight Ride by William Dawes who, along with Paul Revere, was dispatched on different routes by Joseph Warren (from Green Dragon Tavern) to warn Lexington and Concord of the British incursion during the Revolutionary War. (They say he originated from here but that’s too far from colonial Boston where Joseph Warren would have dispatched Dawes from) (See Boston Neck for more on William Dawes)Each year since 1777 the church supports a re-enactment honoring William Dawes starting at John Eliot Square in front of the church with subsequent stops in Mission Hill, Brookline, Cambridge, Arlington, and finally Lexington.What fruitage did these spiritual leaders produce? Mt 7:15-20. Consider John 17:16 vs Acts 20:29, 30. What would Jesus have said seeing this?-Source Links-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Hill,_Bostonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxbury,_Boston#cite_ref-:10_9-1:~:text=suited%20for%20cider.-,Revolutionary%20War%20and%20following,-%5Bedit%5D https://www.boston.gov/sites/default/files/file/2021/08/04%20First%20Church%20report%20final%2008-03-2021_.pdfhttps://www.thehistorylist.com/events/the-reenactment-of-the-rides-of-paul-revere-and-william-dawes-massachusetts

97

Fort Hill Roxbury

22-98 Fort Ave, Boston, MA 02119The only road that connected the mainland with Boston on the Shawmut Peninsula passed through Fort Hill, dividing at John Eliot Square into the road to Brookline and Cambridge (Roxbury and Tremont Streets) and the road to Dedham (Centre Street). The district's height overlooking the land connection and its puddingstone outcroppings made it an advantageous location for the Continental Army to build fortifications.In the summer of 1775, several thousand soldiers in the Continental Army built two forts in the area as part of a circle of defenses that eventually enabled the evacuation of the British from Boston. The goal was to guard Boston Neck, a thin strip of land that served as the only land route between Boston and Roxbury. (See Siege of Boston map)The Lower Fort was located on two acres of land between Cedar, Highland, and Linwood Streets. The High Fort was an earthwork’s structure that occupied the summit of the hill. The High Fort, or Upper Fort, sat on the highest point in Roxbury. The High Fort is now where the Cochituate Standpipe is.The secondary picture is a sketch representation of the High Fort taken from Josiah Benton’s powder horn. The following is an anecdote from Francis S Drake’s The Town of Roxbury (1878):The lower fort stood until 1836, when Alvah Kittredge was building his now-famous house and decided to remove some of the ramparts. While the work was underway Aaron Willard,… a 16-year-old fifer, had slept at his workplace and been rudely awoken by a 24-pound cannon ball tossed by the British into his newly constructed earthen wall. He pointed out the spot where he thought the ball must have landed and Kittredge’s workers were actually able to find the ball! It remained in the Kittredge family as a souvenir, and perhaps it still remains somewhere in a Roxbury basement.The Revolutionary War resulted in the destruction of many of Fort Hill's colonial-era buildings, and the Dillaway-Thomas is the only surviving pre-Revolutionary structure in the district. It is also said that the Fort Hill neighborhood is named for the High Fort. The current tower was built in 1869. (See Parsonage – Dillaway-Thomas House)-Source Links-https://www.nps.gov/places/fort-hill.htmhttps://www.nps.gov/articles/000/siege-of-boston-map.htmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Hill,_Bostonhttps://boston1775.blogspot.com/2012/03/look-at-revolutionary-roxbury.html

98

Spectacle Island - Smallpox

The Boston Harbor Islands are no stranger to quarantine; in fact, many of the islands have been known as “quarantine islands” throughout Boston Harbor’s history as a port of commerce and immigration. Spectacle Island itself was used for sailors that had smallpox.Despite the progressive acceptance of inoculation throughout the colonies, another smallpox outbreak seized Boston in 1775. After the Battle of Bunker Hill in June of 1775, military actions between the British, led by General William Howe, and the colonists, led by George Washington, stalled. Smallpox was gripping the citizens of Boston, and to some extent Howe’s troops. Washington knew that the Continental soldiers, many from rural, isolated parts of the colonies and therefore not immune to smallpox, would be devastated by an outbreak. The stalemate between Washington and Howe continued until March 7, 1776, when General Howe announced that the British army planned to evacuate Boston. Despite this victory for the colonists, Washington initially forbade his troops from entering the city because of the smallpox epidemic.On March 17, Washington permitted one thousand men who had previously contracted smallpox to enter the city. Washington could discern who previously had the disease from the pox scars on the faces of survivors. Washington understood the grave threat smallpox imposed upon the Continental Army and their chances of winning the war. He even described smallpox as "more destructive than the sword."George Washington enacted the first medical mandate in American history. Washington declared his order to Congress that all troops must be inoculated, and he ordered that all new recruits entering Philadelphia must be inoculated upon entry. To offset the temporary loss of soldiers while they healed from the inoculation, military doctors inoculated divisions in five-day intervals. The military used private homes and churches as isolation centers to control spread of the disease. Continental military forces took a huge risk with these mass inoculations.If the British learned of these mass inoculations, they could have launched an attack on the weakened Continental Army. Therefore, these inoculations had to be kept secret in order to prevent word from getting out to the British. Washington urged the inoculations to be completed as soon as possible so the soldiers would be ready to fight by the summer. By late 1777, the procedure had been established in the Continental Army, and prevalence of the disease substantially reduced. While smallpox cases did still appear from time to time, the mandated inoculation of soldiers reduced the chance of large-scale outbreaks. With the threat of smallpox diminished, the Continental Army saw a surge of new recruits in 1777.-Source Links-https://bhsledger.org/the-smallpox-epidemic-of-1775-and-the-power-of-vaccines/https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/smallpox-inoculation-revolutionary-war.htmhttps://www.history.com/news/smallpox-george-washington-revolutionary-warhttps://www.jstor.org/stable/224952https://www.bostonharborislands.org/blog/islands-in-quarantine/

99

Moon Island

Settlers used the island as farmland. Colonial troops mustered on the island during the Seige of Boston to better surround the British troops. It became a sewerage plant until that moved to Spectacle Island and Deer Island in the great shift to clean Boston Harbor from it’s reputation in the 1980s as the “Harbor of Shame”. It is now under Boston Police and Fire control as a Training location and Firing Range. No visitors are allowed.-Source Links-https://www.nps.gov/places/moon-island.htm

100

Long Island

The biggest of Boston Harbor Islands with shoreline that stretches to a mile long. It is closed to the public.Long Island became an incarceration site for those who overcrowded the internment camp at Deer Island. Many were “Christianized” indigenous peoples whom the colonists feared might join the rebellion known as King Philip’s War (1675-1676) Hundreds perished due to extreme conditions and starvation.During the Siege of Boston in 1775, about 500 continental soldiers boarded the island from whale-boats and took all the sheep and cattle on the island, along with 17 British prisoners. The following year, continental soldiers occupied Long Island and placed several batteries here and on other islands in Boston Harbor. They destroyed a British cargo vessel carrying military supplies and reinforcements. The captain of the vessel and 36 others died with the ship. All were brought ashore and buried on Long Island.In the 1800s the Long Island Company planned to build a hotel and summer residencies. Around 1882, the City of Boston evicted a Portuguese fishing village from Long Island, forcing them to move to nearby Peddocks Island. The city then acquired the island’s biggest hotel and turned it into an almshouse which was converted into Camp Wrightman and finally Fort Strong in 1899 during the Civil War. It grew to 8 batteries by 1906 and saw minimal use during World War 1. This fort controlled the northern minefields in the harbor during the beginning of World War 2.Since the placement of the almshouse in the 1880s, Long Island has served as the home to various social services, including a hospital, nursing school, mental health facility, and homeless shelter. The City of Boston removed the structurally unsound bridge in 2015, ending all programs on the island.-Source Links-https://www.nps.gov/places/long-island-boston.htm

101

Boston Light

First erected in 1716, Destroyed in 1776 by British forces, re-erected in 1783 as the first US built lighthouse. This helps guide sailors as Boston Harbor is a famously complicated navigational harbor with shallow channels, many of the Boston Harbor Islands, submerged bars, and strong currents.In the 1700s Boston served as Britain’s busiest North American port, trading in goods from all over the world. However, the geography of the harbor proved difficult to navigate, with shifting tides alternately revealing and hiding deadly rocks and shoals. This resulted in the loss of many a fortune and sailors to its waters. The first two lightkeepers drowned.Boston Light became a point of conflict between British and colonial forces during the American Revolutionary War. Occupying the lighthouse in 1774, British forces maintained control until July 1775, when a small colonial force arrived on Brewster island via whale-boats and set fire to the lighthouse. Although British marines started to rebuild the lighthouse, another outfit of 300 colonial troops stopped their progress a few weeks later. British troops destroyed the original Boston Light by setting off a series of timed explosives as its last act of retribution upon leaving Boston in June of 1776.So, while Boston Light was the first lighthouse station to be built in the territory that eventually became the United States, the original structure's destruction during the Siege of Boston means it cannot lay claim to the oldest standing lighthouse in the country. In 1783 it was rebuilt in the same style and dimensions as the original and became the last lighthouse in the country to be automated in 1998.-Source Links-https://www.nps.gov/places/boston-light.htm

102

Georges Island - Fort Warren (2) - WW Harbor Defense HQ

Fort Warren is a historic fort on the 28-acre (110,000 m2) Georges Island at the entrance to Boston Harbor. The fort is named for Revolutionary War hero Dr. Joseph Warren, who sent Paul Revere on his famous ride, and was later killed at the Battle of Bunker Hill. The name was transferred in 1833 from the first Fort Warren on Governors Island which was renamed Fort Winthrop.The first fortification on Georges Island built in 1778 by sailors under Count D’Estaing, commander of the French Navy. After the war of 1812 the country looked to solidify protection from future naval attack. Fort Warren is a pentagonal bastion fort, made with stone and granite, and was constructed from 1833 to 1861, completed shortly after the beginning of the American Civil War. Fort Warren defended the harbor in Boston, Massachusetts, from 1861 through the end of World War II.This was the headquarters of the Boston Coastal Defenses from 1917 - 1922. The southern-channel (Nantasket Roads) minefields were controlled from here in WWII. The complex geography of the harbor area required seven forts to defend it, including Georges Island, two forts in Winthrop, Long Island, Peddocks Island, Lovells Island, and Hull.The American entry into World War I brought many changes to the Coast Artillery and the Coast Defenses of Boston (CD Boston). Numerous temporary buildings were constructed at the forts to accommodate the wartime mobilization. As the only component of the Army with heavy artillery experience and significant manpower, the Coast Artillery was chosen to operate almost all US-manned heavy and railway artillery in that war.As guns were upgraded to modern US-made artillery, the older or modified weapons were transferred to other locations from Virginia to as far as France and the Philippines. 8-inch, 10-inch, and 12-inch guns and 12-inch mortars were converted to railway artillery. Few railway artillery pieces were mounted and few or none saw action before the Armistice. The 6-in guns became field guns on wheeled carriages and returned to service in World War II as fortifications expanded rapidly then.References indicate the authorized strength of CD Boston in World War I was 32 companies, including 12 from the Massachusetts National Guard and five from the Rhode Island National Guard. Eight of these companies (four Massachusetts National Guard, one Rhode Island National Guard, and the rest regular army) were transferred to the 55th Artillery (Coast Artillery Corps), which served in France in World War I.During and after World War I two- and three-gun antiaircraft batteries armed with M1917 3-inch (76 mm) guns on fixed mounts were built at some forts. Some of these weapons remained in service through early World War II, others were replaced by towed 3-inch guns in the 1930s.A major change in Boston Harbor between the world wars required a new fort and multiple upgrades: the opening of a new ship channel in the northern part of the harbor. To cover this approach Fort Ruckman was built in Nahant operating from 1918 to 1924. (For details on the artillery and battery changes see Harbor Defenses of Boston link below)Early in World War II numerous temporary buildings were again constructed to accommodate the rapid mobilization of men and equipment. As new defenses were built, and with little threat to the east coast from enemy air or surface raiders, the heavy weapons at Boston's Endicott-era forts were scrapped in 1942-43. The removal of most weapons and an Army-wide shift from a regimental to a battalion-based system meant organizational changes in the Boston area. CD Boston and Coastal Artillery became Eastern Defense Command until being disestablished in 1946.Some of the Boston-area forts served as POW camps during World War II, notably Fort Andrews. The US Navy also participated in defending the Massachusetts Bay area with net defenses and submarine-detecting indicator loops, including stations in Nahant (Station 1D), Gloucester (Station 1E), Scituate (Station 1C), and Provincetown.Following the war, it was soon determined that gun defenses were obsolete, and they were scrapped by the end of 1948, with remaining harbor defense functions turned over to the Navy. In 1950 the Coast Artillery Corps and all Army harbor defense commands were dissolved. As of 2016, the Boston-area forts run the gamut from good preservation to total demolition. Fort Warren on George's Island is very well-preserved with guided tours that allow access to most of the fort. It's a rare example of an older fort with Endicott batteries added to it. The island became a state park in 1958, opened to the public in 1961.See the video link for more history from war of 1812 through civil into World War 1 & 2 incl military capability and growth.This is one of the many connections of how America and Britain forgave the past and became allies during the World Wars, solidifying them into the prophesied Anglo-American World Power as described in Daniel.-Source Links-https://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/101970886?q=america+britain&p=doc#:~:text=Mean%20to%20You%3F-,The%20Rise%20of%20the%20Anglo%2DAmerican%20World%20Power,-SINCE%20the%20endhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Warren_(Massachusetts)https://archives.lib.state.ma.us/bitstream/handle/2452/113998/ocm14362810.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=yhttp://www.fortwiki.com/Fort_Warren_(2)https://www.northamericanforts.com/East/maboston2.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbor_Defenses_of_Bostonhttp://www.fortwiki.com/Category:Harbor_Defense_of_Boston

103

Peddocks Island - Fort Andrews

Prior to Euro-American colonization, Indigenous Peoples inhabited the island seasonally. Settlers then began occupying the land around 1634. Due to its proximity to the mainland, Peddocks held a prominent military role for the following centuries. Said to be the site of a patriot infantrymen's raid on a Loyalist farm, Peddocks also saw over 600 patriot militiamen stationed on the island in 1776 to guard the harbor against the return of British troops.French Marines arrived in August 1778 with additional troops in 1782 and occupied several positions around the outer harbor, centered around Hull from Fort Independence (1) and including Noddle’s Island (with a hospital), George’s Island, Lovell’s Island (decoy), Peddock’s Island, and Hog Island (1782)Home to Fort Andrews and active in harbor defense from 1904 to the end of World War II, 26 structures remain, including guardhouses, prisoner-of-war barracks, stables, a gymnasium, and a firehouse.(Fort Independence 1 was on Telegraph Hill in Hull, the current Fort Independence at Castle Island was called Fort Warren originally. The one in Hull was renamed Fort Revere.)This is one of the many connections of how America and Britain forgave the past and became allies during the World Wars, solidifying them into the prophesied Anglo-American World Power as described in Daniel.-Source Links-https://www.nps.gov/boha/learn/historyculture/facts-pedd.htmhttps://www.northamericanforts.com/East/maboston2.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbor_Defenses_of_Boston

104

Grape Island

At the time of the Revolutionary War, Elisha Leavitt, a Tory Loyalist, owned the island. As British forces searched for resources in the islands during the Siege of Boston, Leavitt gave British forces access his hay. In what became known as the Battle of Grape Island, townspeople of Weymouth and the local militia saw British soldiers taking hay on May 21, 1775. Sounding the alarm, local colonial forces initially fired upon the British before taking boats to the island and driving the British away. Abigail Adams, living in the area, recalled the event to her husband, John Adams:“You inquire of me who were at the engagement at Grape Island. I may say with truth all of Weymouth, Braintree, Hingham, who were able to bear arms, and hundreds from other towns within twenty, thirty, and forty miles of Weymouth. Both your brothers were there; your younger brother, with his company, who gained honor by their good order that day. He was one of the first to venture on board a schooner, to land upon the island.”Now it is part of the Boston Harbor Islands State Park and known as a wildlife haven with trails, beaches, picnic areas, and camp sites.-Source Links-https://www.nps.gov/places/grape-island.htm

105

Webb Memorial State Park

371 River St, Weymouth, MA 02191This peninsula played a role in the 1775 skirmish known as the Battle of Grape Island. During the Siege of Boston, British forces searched for resources in the islands, including Grape Island. From this location, townspeople of Weymouth and the local militia saw British soldiers taking hay from Grape Island on May 21, 1775. Sounding the alarm, local colonial forces initially fired upon the British before taking boats to the island and driving the British away. A memorial in Webb Memorial State Park commemorates this event. In the mid-1950s, the US Army temporarily installed NIKE-Ajax missiles at the tip of the peninsula. The military then transferred land ownership to the State of Massachusetts in 1977.This is one of the many connections of how America and Britain forgave the past and became allies during the World Wars, solidifying them into the prophesied Anglo-American World Power as described in Daniel.-Source Links-https://www.nps.gov/places/webb-memorial.htm

106

Noddle Island - Piers Park

95 Marginal St, Boston, MA 02128Noddle was one of the former Boston Harbor Islands that has disappeared into mainland, particularly into East Boston. Noddle’s Island gained its name from William Noddle, one of the first European occupants of the island. William Noddle lived at Noddle’s Island sometime around 1630. Not much else is known of Noddle as he drowned in 1632. In 1630 settlers had a fort here at Camp Hill called Samuel Maverick’s Garrison (2) with four guns.The Island had an active presence during the Siege of Boston in the Revolutionary War manning Camp Hill from 1775-1776 with 19 guns on a quadrangular earthwork. In May 1775, colonial forces of 300 known as Provincials, led by General Stark, raided farms on Noddle’s Island and other surrounding islands to block Britain from taking supplies there. A conflict occurred with some British Marines, who drove colonists back to nearby Chelsea Creek.The British Navy sent marines to pursue the Provincials on foot on Noddle’s Island and also sailed up a narrow tidal waterway called Chelsea Creek on the HMS Diana. A series of land and sea skirmishes occurred involving hundreds of men over two days; both sides fired small cannons and muskets in close proximity in a lethal cat-and-mouse game. The Diana ran aground and the Provincials ransacked and burned it. Casualties on both sides were light but higher on the British side. In the end, the colonial forces denied the British forces the supplies of Noddle’s and Hog Islands. These colonial forces also laid waste to Noddle’s Island and neither side used it for the rest of the siege. Colonial troops returned to several islands a few days later to finish dispersing livestock and destroying supplies. This skirmish that occurred May 27 and 28, 1775 became known as the “Battle of Chelsea Creek.” Like many Revolutionary War confrontations, Americans did not recognize its significance until after the 1820sAfter the outbreak of the War of 1812, Noddle’s Island became heavily fortified with an earthwork fort that became known as Fort Strong (1) from 1814-1815. This was near the east end of Webster St at Brophy Memorial park but there’s no remains left. Noddle’s Island later became outfitted with barracks to serve as a hospital by the French Marines in 1780. These barracks remained in place until 1833. (Fort Strong (2) was on Long Island. Boston has a confusing history of moving and reusing fort names)Under the main Pavilion on the Pier – where the map is pinned - is a plaque dedicated to each of the cultures that made up East Boston’s founding. On one of them is, by chance, Jehovah’s four cardinal attributes.-Source Links-https://www.nps.gov/places/noddle-s-island.htmhttps://www.nps.gov/places/chelsea-creek.htmhttps://www.bostonmagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2019/11/east-boston-feature.jpghttps://www.northamericanforts.com/East/maboston1.html

107

Chelsea Creek - HMS Diana

1089 Broadway, Revere, MA 02151There is a plaque at this location. But as you can see by the water - even at high tide - it’s very unlikely the boats made it this far upriver.Less than a month into the Siege of Boston, General Artemas Ward, commander of the siege, directed Colonel John Nixon of Massachusetts and Colonel John Stark of New Hampshire and their militias to remove hay and farm animals off Noddle’s and Hog Islands in Boston Harbor and bring them to the mainland. Ward and the Massachusetts Committee of Safety wanted to deny these items to the 6,500 British Regulars in Boston.Since the British Regulars arrived in Boston in October of 1774, they had been relying on loyalists and other local people to supply them with food and supplies. Some islands in Boston Harbor, which had been turned into agricultural use by colonists, provided some of this food. In the Siege of Boston, the Massachusetts leaders planned to stop British access to these islands.On May 27, 1775, colonial forces, known as Provincials, began burning down buildings on Noddle’s Island, inadvertently alerting the British Navy to their activity. British Admiral Samuel Graves had orders to sail to Noddle’s Island and stop the Provincials.1The British Navy sent marines to pursue the Provincials on foot on Noddle’s Island and also sailed up a narrow tidal waterway called Chelsea Creek on the HMS Diana. A series of land and sea skirmishes occurred involving hundreds of men over two days; both sides fired small cannons and muskets in close proximity in a lethal cat-and-mouse game. The Diana ran aground, and the Provincials ransacked and burned it. Casualties on both sides were light but higher on the British side. In the end, the colonial forces denied the British forces the supplies of Noddle’s and Hog Islands. These colonial forces also laid waste to Noddle’s Island and neither side used it for the rest of the siege.This skirmish that occurred May 27 and 28, 1775 became known as the “Battle of Chelsea Creek.” Like many Revolutionary War confrontations, Americans did not recognize its significance until after the 1820s, starting with the 50th anniversary of that battle.-Source Links-https://www.nps.gov/places/chelsea-creek.htm

108

Chelsea - Phillips Payson

32 County RdPhillips Payson was a pastor who prepped and led his American Puritan/Congregationalist group from Chelsea to fight at Concord Bridge. There was no official building for his group until well after the war. He was the minister from 1757-1801. This location was the first church built in Chelsea in 1849.Payson spoke an Election Sermon in support of the American Revolution and its goals of religious and civil liberty. He advocated a break from political tradition by emphasizing the new start of society in New England with statements (based on Galatians 4:26, 31) such as, "Recollecting our pious ancestors, the first settlers of the country, – nor shall we look for ancestry beyond that period, – and we may say in the most literal sense, we are children not of the bond woman, but of the free."Rev. Dr. Payson and his congregants thereafter freely elected to support and protect their liberties and formed an armed party to protect their parish. During the Battles of Lexington and Concord, their militia engaged British troops at Menotomy: "The Rev. Mr. Payson, of Chelsea, in Massachusetts Bay, a mild, thoughtful, sensible man, at the head of a party of his own parish, attacked a party of the regulars, killed some and took the rest prisoners. This gentleman has been hitherto on the side of government, but oppression having got to that pitch beyond which even a wise man cannot bear, he has taken up arms in defence of those rights, civil and religious, which cost their forefathers so dearly. The cruelty of the King’s troops, in some instances, I wish to disbelieve. They entered one house in Lexington where were two old men, one a deacon of the church, who was bed-ridden, and another not able to walk, who was sitting in his chair; both these they stabbed and killed on the spot, as well as an innocent child running out of the house.”– Pennsylvania Journal, August 2. He was also a charter member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.What fruitage did these spiritual leaders produce? Mt 7:15-20. Consider John 17:16 vs Acts 20:29, 30. What would Jesus have said seeing this?-Source Links-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillips_Payson_Jr.https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/religion/rel05.html#obj126https://www.firstcongchelsea.org/about-historial-sketch/https://archive.org/details/documentaryhisto02cham_0/page/312/mode/2up (SCREENSHOT)

109

BU School of Theology Library - Richard Clerke and Christopher Love

755 Commonwealth AveRickard Clarke/ Clerke was a former Anglican Rector. He served in Canterbury Cathedral as part of the First Westminster Company that was charged with translating the first twelve books of the King James Version of the Bible. A large folio volume of his sermons was published posthumously by Charles White, M.A., in London in 1637. This was one of the most widely printed publications of late colonial America called “The Prophetic Numbers of Daniel and John Calculated.” He postulated that 1758 to 1766 were prophetically important for “supernatural judgements” Clarke attempted to bolster the credibility of his dramatic conclusions by noting the close correspondences between his proposed dates and the prophecies contained in “The Strange and Wonderful Predictions of Mr Christopher Love” Love was a 17th century English Presbyterian minister who was executed by Cromwell considered a pious martyr. Supposedly Love had a divine revelation and believed the events of the Last Days were all scheduled to occur between 1756 and 1763. Under the heading “Short Work of the Lord’s in the latter Ages of the World” appeared the following timetable:Great Earthquakes and Commotions by Sea and Land, in the Year of our Lord 1756Great Wars in Germany and America, in 1757Destruction of Popery, or Babylons fall, in 1758The Anger of God against the Wicken, in 1759God will be known, in 1760This will produce a great Man; the Stars will wander, and the Moon appear as Blood, in 1761Africa, Asia, and America will tremble in 1762A great Earthquake all over the World, in 1763God will be universally known by all in general, and a Reformation and Peace forever, when People shall learn War no more. Happy is the Man that liveth to see this Day 1763There were wars and earthquakes that rocked Europe and America in the 1750s. For those who would seek apocalyptical signs of the times, the late 1750s offered amply opportunity for reflection. The widespread publication of such works broadcasting the arrival of the millennium within a few years suggests that the wars and earthquakes raised millennial expectations among a large number of American colonists. This is one contributing factor to why so many colonial sermons from various priests refer to the second coming of Christ as part of the American Revolution.This library has many historic bibles.What fruitage did these spiritual leaders produce? Mt 7:15-20. Consider John 17:16 vs Acts 20:29, 30. What would Jesus have said seeing this?-Source Links-https://archive.org/details/visionaryrepubli0000bloc/page/24/mode/2up Book Referencehttps://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=evans;cc=evans;rgn=main;view=text;idno=n20733.0001.001#:~:text=Great%20earthquakes Christopher Love Prophecyhttp://textus-receptus.com/wiki/Richard_Clarkehttps://kingjamesbibletranslators.org/bios/Richard_Clerke/

110

Deborah Sampson aka Robert Shurtleff

270 East St Sharon MaDeborah Sampson, also known as Deborah Samson, is renowned for having disguised herself as a man in order to fight in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. Sampson served for 17 months under the name Robert Shurtleff before being honorably discharged in 1783. After the war, she married Benjamin Gannett and the two settled in Sharon, MA, where the Gannett family farm was located.…Deborah Sampson also known as Samson was born in Plympton MA in 1760 as one of seven children to a poor family. When her father Jonathan failed to return from a sea voyage everyone thought he’d died. No one realized he had abandoned the family and moved to Maine to start a new family. Deborah’s impoverished mother Priscilla Alden was forced to place the children in different households. She was sent to a maternal relative, and then when her mother died, to widow Mary Prince Thatcher who was a Reverend’s widow and likely taught her to read via bible passages.5 years later at age 10 Deborah was bound out as an indentured servant to a farmer in Middleborough. Sources differ on whether this was Deacon Benjamin Thomas or Jeremiah Thomas. Whichever Thomas it was, they did not believe in educating women, so she learned from Thomas’s sons who shared their school work with her. At 18 with her indenture completed, Sampson worked as a teacher in summer and a weaver in winter, boarding with the families that employed her. She’s also reported to have woodworking, basket weaving, and mechanical aptitude, such as making simple tools and selling them door to door.In early 1782, as the Revolutionary War raged on, the patriotic 5’7” Sampson disguised herself as a man named Timothy Thayer and when found out, later as Robert Shurtleff where she joined the Fourth Massachusetts Regiment. This was considered an elite troop, specifically picked because they were taller and stronger than average.At West Point, New York, she was assigned to Captain George Webb’s Company of Light Infantry. She was given the dangerous task of scouting neutral territory to assess British buildup of men and materiel in Manhattan, which General George Washington contemplated attacking. In June of 1782, Sampson and two sergeants led about 30 infantrymen on an expedition that ended with a confrontation—often one-on-one—with Tories. She led a raid on a Tory home that resulted in the capture of 15 men. Sampson—like many veterans of the Revolution—also claimed she fought during the siege of Yorktown, digging trenches, helping storm a British redoubt, and enduring canon fire, but this cannot be confirmed.For almost two years, Sampson’s true sex had escaped detection despite close calls. When she received a gash in her forehead from a sword and was shot in her left thigh, she extracted the pistol ball herself. She was ultimately discovered—a year and a half into her service—in Philadelphia, when she became ill during an epidemic, was taken to a hospital, and lost consciousness.Receiving an honorable discharge from General Henry Knox on October 23, 1783, Sampson returned to Massachusetts. On April 7, 1785 she married Benjamin Gannet from Sharon, and they had three children, Earl, Mary, and Patience. Although Sampson’s life after the army was mostly typical of a farmer’s wife, in 1802 she began a year-long lecture tour about her experiences—the first woman in America to do so—sometimes dressing in full military regalia.-Source Links-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Massachusetts_Regimenthttps://www.mass.gov/info-details/deborah-sampson-american-revolutionary-war-herohttps://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/deborah-sampsonhttps://archive.org/details/deborahsampsonga00tapp/page/n103/mode/2up?q=sharonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah_Sampson