Logstown
Logstown, a large, politically significant Indian community in Western Pennsylvania, existed on this spot from 1727 to 1758. Around this time, Shawnee Indians began to return to their homelands after dispersing during war with the Iroquois in the late 1600s. The population was culturally and linguistically diverse and, beside the Shawnee, included members of Delaware and Seneca Indian tribes. Those who lived in Logstown were drawn to the region for its abundant game populations and distance from colonial governments. In the 1740s, British traders, like George Croghan, began competing with French traders from the Great Lakes region for rights to make trades and build alliances with the local Indian populations. The Ohio Indians had a trade history with the French, but were attracted by the cheaper goods they could get from residents of Pennsylvania, especially when the French began building forts on the Indians land against their wishes. The French, on the other hand, were not happy with the Pennsylvania settlers branching out into the Ohio Country. They responded by expanding their military in 1749, and buried and posted lead plates along the Allegheny-Ohio watershed to claim the region for themselves.In spring 1752, representatives from the Ohio Company, a land company formed by prominent Virginia residents (the British), met with the Logstown Indians to ask for permission to build a post at the Forks of the Ohio, present-day Point State Park, in an attempt . Those at Logstown were interested in expanding their trade with this specific group of British people. The Ohio Company's motives were to beat out the French and the Pennsylvanians to settle this economic-opportunity rich region. The Ohio Company promised the Logstown residents $1,000 worth of gifts, and were granted permission to build a storehouse for the fur trade at the Forks. However, the Indians were uncomfortable with the Ohio Company settling there permanently. These events set the stage for the French construction of Fort Duquesne and the start of the French and Indian War. The French were not pleased with the Pennsylvanians' incursions into the Ohio Country, and they responded with a military expedition in 1749 led by Pierre-Joseph Cérolon de Blainville. Meant as a show of force to impress the Indians and evict the Pennsylvania traders, the Cérolon expedition also buried or posted lead plates along the Allegheny-Ohio watershed claiming the region for the French.In spring 1752, agents for the Ohio Company, a land company formed by prominent Virginians, treated with the Indians at Logstown to gain permission to build a post at the Forks of the Ohio. The Indians were interested in expanding their trade with the British; the Virginians wanted a toehold for settlement in the region that would pre-empt occupation by either the French or Pennsylvanians. After greasing the wheels of negotiation with £1,000 worth of presents - no small sum in those days - the Virginians received permission to construct a storehouse for the fur trade at the Forks, but the Indians were clearly uncomfortable with the idea of the Ohio Company planting settlers there. These events set the stage for the French construction of Fort Duquesne and the outbreak of the French and Indian War.The Logstown roadside marker was dedicated on Thursday, October 31, 1946. The missing Logstown plaque was dedicated on June 1, 1918. The marker reads: "One of the large Indian towns on the upper Ohio was located nearby in 1727-18. Important conference were held between the British, French, and Indians in the struggle for the Ohio Country."The plaque read: " A short distance southeast of this spot, along the banks of the river, was situated the village of Logstown, one of the largest Indian settlements on the upper Ohio. It was the scene of many important conferences between the French, the British, and the Indians." For more information read "Native Americans Shaped Beaver County, from its land to its politics" by Jenny Wagner, published in The Beaver County Times, February 25, 2015.
Fort Pitt
NOTE: From here you can walk to stops 4, 5, & 6.Fort Pitt, named for British Prime Minister William Pitt, marked the end of Forbes Road, a 200 mile pathway cut through the wilderness of central and western Pennsylvania. The fort was built between 1759 and 1761, and was the largest British fort in Pennsylvania. The fort was a point of controversy for the British and the Indians. This region was the home of the Indians, and they were wary that British would respect it as such, as promised in the Easton Treaty of 1758. In 1759, British soldiers, laborers, and settlers congregated to present-day Point State Park to construct Fort Pitt. The fort was an important stop on the fur trade, and became a lifeline for Delaware, Shawnee, and Seneca Indians who relied on diplomatic presents from the fort's storehouses. British commander Sir Jeffery Amherst revoked these privileges and, thus, alienated these groups. Amherst's actions sparked a large uprising in summer 1763, against the British stationed along the Great Lakes and in Ohio County. Forts LeBoeuf, Presque Isle, and Venango fell to the Ohio Indians in June, who then turned their attention to Fort Pitt where hundreds of civilians took refuge. The fort was cut off from the outside world for over a month, where people inside awaited help, even though they weren't sure it was coming.Colonel Henry Bouquet's army was on its way to lend aid. Marching along the Forbes Road from Carlisle, his army engaged the Indians at Bushy Run, and lifted the siege of Fort Pitt on August 6, 1763. The British abandoned this post nine years later, though it was reoccupied during the Revolutionary Era.The Fort Pitt roadside marker was dedicated on Friday, May 8, 1959. It reads: "Built by the English, 1759-61, to replace Mercer's Fort on 1758-59. Named for Prime Minister William Pitt of Great Britain. British stronghold in Ohio Valley and center for settlement."Now for the fun part! Take a walk through the Fort Pitt Museum, and get a more in-depth look at the life and times of the Fort Pitt era. Be sure to pick up a scavenger hunt paper (or download and print your own at home!) to hunt through the museum and win a prize!
Fort Pitt Blockhouse
The Fort Pitt Block House was constructed in 1764 as a defense mechanism for Fort Pitt during the French and Indian War. The Block House is the only structure from Fort Pitt that is left standing. It is also the oldest authenticated structure in Western Pennsylvania and is a National Historic Landmark of the Forks of the Ohio.After the British abandoned Fort Pitt, the Block House was used as a trading post and served as the headquarters for the Continental Army during the American Revolution. When Fort Pitt was demolished, the Block House was turned into a single-family home in 1785, and then a multi-family residence in the 1840s, with one family living in the upstairs room and another living downstairs. During the 19th century, the Block House became one of many tenement houses in the Point District, one of the poorest and most densely populated areas of Pittsburgh. The Fort Pitt Block House is still privately owned and operated by the Fort Pitt Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution of Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. Much of its architectural fabric is intact. The stone foundation, bricks, and timber elements are mostly original to its 1764 construction.The Fort Pitt Block House marker was dedicated on Friday, May 8, 1959. The marker reads: "One of Fort Pitt's outworks, this blockhouse or redoubt stood near the western bastions and is the only surviving structure of that fort. Built in 1764 by Col. Henry Bouquet." Visit the Block House for yourself! Admission is free!
Fort Duquesne
Fort Duquesne, constructed in April 1754, was the most important French post built in the Ohio Country. This fort controlled "the Forks," present-day Pittsburgh, where the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers meet and form the Ohio. The Fort was named for Ange de Menneville, Marquis de Duquesne, the Governor-General of New France.Expeditions in 1754 and 1755, by George Washington and Edward Braddock, respectively, failed to remove the French from "the Forks." In the following three years Fort Duquesne was gathering place and headquarters for French-sponsored Indian attacks the Pennsylvania and Virginia frontiers. Fort Duquesne fell to the British during the French and Indian War, also known as the Seven Years War. A British naval blockade on the St. Lawrence River cut off France's supply line, and the Quebec government couldn't maintain forces in Ohio Country. On November 23, 1758, the British army, commanded by General John Forbes, cut its way through heavily forested Pennsylvania to "the Forks." In response to the impending attack, the French commander of Fort Duquesne blew up the post and retreated north to Fort Machault. The British heard the explosion 10 miles away, and although they were unable to capture the post, they still gained control of the land at the Forks, and began building their own fort where Fort Duquesne once stood.The Fort Duquesne marker was dedicated on Friday, May 8, 1959. It reads: "Begin here April, 1754, by French after taking Virginia's fort. Key French position on the Ohio and base for raids on frontier after 1755. Burned by French before Forbes' army occupuied it, November 1758."
Fort Prince George
After the Virginians and local Indian tribes made a deal, the Virginians began building a fort and storehouse at the Forks of the Ohio, at present-day Point State Park. The goal was to beat the French to the land, and the pivotal trade point. Christopher Gist served as the Company's agent, and promised the Indians that the post would supply them with an abundance of trade. Governor Dinwiddie of Virginia backed the Ohio Company, and merged private land speculators and government power in the hopes of cementing Virginia's claim to the Ohio Country. Along with the Virginia House of Burgesses, he granted military commissions to the important Ohio Company agents, and recruited militiamen to defend the Forks from French attacks. The new base was to be called "Trent's Fort," as construction began under Ohio Company agent William Trent in February 1754.The fort was unfinished when 500 French troops arrived in April of the same year. Seeing that they were outnumbered, the Virginians took generous surrender terms and vacated the post. The French burned what existed of Trent's Fort and built Fort Duquesne in its place.The name Fort Prince George was not attached to the site until several months after the Virginians surrender, when Governor Dinwiddie proposed it in a letter to his London superiors. By that time the French were already living comfortably in the Forks, and the Ohio Company's plans were foiled. The Fort Prince George marker was dedicated on Friday, May 8, 1959. It reads: "Name intended for fort begun here by Virginia force early in 1754 on site noted by Washington as 'well situated for a Fort.' Captured by the French, April 17, 1754, before its completion."
Grant's Hill
Though it may be hard to imagine now, a giant hill once stood at the intersection of present-day Grant Street and Fifth Avenue. Over the years, the city made three attempts to grade the land, cutting it down by a total of 33 feet after the last attempt. This hill was known as "the hump." For an idea of just how high Grant's Hill was, look at the Frick Building on Grant Street. When "the hump" existed, the pillars on the front facade were on ground level. Now they are well above street level. While this hill was a pain for developers of the 19th century, it was a strategic piece of land in the mid 1700s, during the time of the French and Indian War. In 1757, General James Grant was major of the 77th Regiment of Foot (Montgomerie's Highlanders). In September 1758, Grant was assigned to lead 800 militia men and officers in an advance against the French at Fort Duquesne. He split his force, hoping to encourage a French attack that he could surprise and overwhelm them.Grant had no wilderness experience, and was ambushed on the hill by both French and Indian soldiers. Grant and 18 of his men were taken prisoner. He was paroled soon after and tried to blame the defeat on the colonial militia for failure to follow orders.The Grant's Hill marker was donated by the Daughters of the American Revolution on June 10, 1901. The marker reads: "On this hill, the British under Major James Grant were defeated by the French and Indians from Fort Duquesne, September 14, 1758."
Simon Girty (1741-1818)
Simon Girty was born in 1741, near Harrisburg. He was the son of Mary Girty Turner and Simon Girty Sr., a Native American trader who was killed in a bond dual. He had three brothers and one half brother, John Turner Jr. All of them were captured by Seneca Indians as children. One brother, Thomas, escaped early, but Simon lived among the Senecas for many years and learned their language. He grew up under Guyasuta, a Seneca war chief who was an intermediary between the colonists and the natives.Simon is a controversial player in history because he followed in Guyasuta's footsteps, serving as an interpreter at Fort Pitt and also accompanying Indians in raids on settlers. He later defected to the British in 1778, after the American Revolution, further securing his villainous status in the eyes of the new American nation. Girty has been vilified by many fabricated tales of murder and crime, though they were eventually disproven. He moved to Canada, died and was buried there in 1818.The Girty/Turner family owned 150 acres of farmland that is now present day Squirrel Hill, including the land at Mary S. Brown Memorial-Ames United Methodist Church and Turner Cemetery. Simon's mother and brother are buried in the cemetery. Each year, the church hosts a History Walk in late September, which allows people to see and learn more about this history of the Girty family Squirrel Hill itself.The Simon Girty marker was dedicated on Saturday, September 30, 2017. It reads: "Born near Harrisburg, Girty crossed cultural boundaries between native and white societies. He was captured and adopted by Seneca Indians in 1756. Upon his release, he settled here with his family. He worked as an interpreter for the British and Americans at Fort Pitt. In 1778, he defected to the British; serving as an advisor, he accompanied Indians in raids on frontier settlements. He remains controversial and is buried in Canada."For more information about the History Walk, visit the Mary S. Brown Memorial-Ames United Methodist Church website.
Braddock's Crossing
After crossing the Monongahela River, Braddock and his men moved toward Fort Duquesne. Little did they know, Indian scouts watched their every move. An ambush was pending. A group called an advance guard was sent to scout the land. They encountered a French and Indian group that had come out of the fort to engage the British. Captain Daniel Lienard de Beaujeu, commander of the French force, was killed with the first exchange of fire. The Indians, however, took advantage of their familiarity with the surrounding forest, hid amongst the trees, and fired on the British, killing 15 of the 18 officers in the advance guard.Braddock's rear guard heard the fire and rushed forward at the same time the panicked advanced guard fell back. Both regiments collided, jumbling the formations. The results were catastrophic. The British were disoriented and trying to fire at the enemy, the Indians hiding amongst the trees, but they were firing on their own men instead. In the meantime, those British troops on horseback were sitting ducks, perched high above the rest of their men and an easy target for the camouflaged natives. The battle raged for three hours with Braddock trying in vain to restore order. He ceased only after being wounded in the side, and the British troops retreated back across the Monongahela. Between 1,00 and 1,500 British were killed or wounded in the skirmish. George Washington had two horses shot dead from under him, but he was one of the few officers who managed to survive. It took two days for more troops from Dunbar's Camp (in present-day Fayette County) to reach the support column. Not long after their arrival, the wounded Braddock died on July 13. The Braddock's Crossing marker was dedicated on Monday, August 24, 1964. It reads: "Below this hill, about midday on July 9, 1755, a British army of 1300 made its second crossing of the river and advanced to drive the French from Fort Duquesne. A few hours later with general Braddock mortally wounded and his army routed, survivors recrossed, pursued by the French and Indians." A trip through Kennywood Park will reveal even more stops along the French and Indian War Tour that are not included in this tour itself. A marker inside the park down the midway, near the site of the old Log Jammer and new Steelers theme area also describes the events of this battle, as some of it took place on the land of the park itself. A statue of George Washington, closer to the front of the park near the Kangaroo and Johnny Rockets, also bears a plaque or two discussing the historical significance of the land on which the park is built. Previously, when the Old Kennywood Railroad still existed, park patrons could take a ride on the train, and gaze down into the forest along the Monongahela River to see the banks where the British crossed years ago. You can't get as close to the action now as in previous years, but some of the forest and river are visible from the picnic groves near Kiddie Land.
Queen Aliquippa
Little is known about Queen Aliquippa, aside from brief mentions in writings from George Washington, Conrad Weiser, and Pierre-Joseph Céloron de Blainville. From their notes, we can gather that she was a powerful woman in the Seneca tribe, who lived in Ohio Country, present-day western Pennsylvania, and founded the Native American community of Aliquippa's Town.Aliquippa's Town was located in the Allegheny Valley, and was first identified in 1731 by Pennsylvania fur traders. The town only had four families at the time of discovery. Though the settlers refered to her as a "queen" in their writings, she would have been better known as a clan matron in her own time, a mother of sorts to those in her tribe. Many native tribes used maternal lineage to determine the elders of the clan, and the eldest woman would have political influence over other members, such as giving the approval to go to war or make peace, and determine the fate of captives.Queen Aliquippa's power and leadership was apparent in the men's writings. European officers wanted to stay in her good graces and bestowed gifts upon her as a token of her appreciation, however, she became offended when she felt their gifts did not accurately reflect her status. By all reports, Queen Aliquippa was been pro-British, even though the Seneca had longstanding connections to the French. Queen Aliquippa and other Ohio Indians paid for this alliances during 1753-54. After George Washington's defeat at Fort Necessity in July 1754, she and other pro-British Indians were forced to move to Aughwick (in central Pennsylvania) where George Croghan, a Pennsylvania Indian trader and agent, had a fort and trading post. Queen Aliquippa died before the end of 1754 at Croghan's post.The Queen Aliquippa marker was dedicated on October 26, 2003. It reads: "An influential leader of the Seneca Nation in this area and ally of the British during the time of the French & Indian War. Encamped near here when George Washington paid respects to her, 1753. Died, 1754; according to legend, buried nearby."
Braddock's Defeat
General Edward Braddock had a rough time leading an army through North America. As an old soldier, he expected a lot of support from the colonial government and citizens. Instead he was met with condtradicting advice from the government and apathetic support from colonists. Then, of course, there was the hassle of navigating uncharted terrain and cutting a road through the wilderness to Fort Duquesne.Additionally, Braddock had difficulty with Indian diplomacy. While discussing terms with Shingas, a Delaware chief from the Ohio Country, Braddock made it known that he would not vacate the Forks of the Ohio after removing the French, as Shingas suggested. Instead, Braddock said he was going to secure the Forks for the British king, and remain as long as he was ordered to be there. In an additionally rude comment, Braddock said he had "no doubt of driving the French and their Indians away," meaning out of the Forks, even without the help of the Delaware tribe. Braddock would feel the pain of his rejection weeks later when a French and Indian force defeated Braddock's army near Fort Duquesne on July 9, 1755, the same battle that was memorialized at the Braddock's Crossing site. The wounds Braddock sustained in battle proved to be fatal days later, and the rest of his force retreated to Fort Cumberland. The surviving officers buried his body under the road he had carved through the wilderness, known as Braddock's Road. They then walked over the burial site to ensure that the French and Indians would not find the grave and desicrate their leader's remains.The Braddock's Defeat marked was dedicated on Saturday, February 28, 1948. It reads: "July 9, 1755 Gen. Braddock’s British forces en route to capture Fort Duquesne were ambushed and routed by French and Indians within present limits of Braddock and North Braddock, forcing retreat and failure of the expedition."
Bouquet Camp
Following Braddock's defeat in 1755, the British government planned to strengthen its military by recruiting German and Swiss settlers to form the 60th (Royal American) Regiment of Foot. Enter Colonel Henry Bouquet, a Swiss military man from a prominent family.Bouquet was appointed second-in-command to General John Forbes in 1758. Forbes was in poor health at the time, so most of the responsibilities of carrying out an attack of Fort Duquesne fell to Bouquet, including the construction of a road that would be known as Forbes Road. The campaign ended successfully in November 1758, with the French destruction and evacuation of Fort Duquesne. Bouquet remained in western Pennsylvania for the remainder of the war to ensure British military control of the region.The Bouquet Camp marker was dedicated on Saturday, December 21, 1946. It reads: "Bouquet Camp, a base of supply in the Forbes campaign in 1758 forcing the French to abandon Fort Duquesne, was about three miles east. Named in honor of Col. Bouquet, second in command and builder of the Forbes Road."
Forbes Road - Bouquet's Breastworks
Forbes Road was a historic military road that was constructed in 1758. It stretched from Carlisle to Fort Duquesne in present-day Pittsburgh. The 300-mile road passed through important posts such as Fort Littleton, Fort Bedford, and Fort Ligonier. Bouquet's Breastworks marks the last base of Forbes and Bouquet's army before reaching Fort Duquesne. Breastworks are temporary forts or earthworks, constructed to chest height to provide protection for soldiers firing over the packed earth while standing up.The Bouquet's Breastworks marker was dedicated on Wednesday, July 9, 1952. It reads: "The last base of General Forbes’ army. After crossing nearly “two hundred miles of wild and unknown country,” the army entered Fort Duquesne on Nov. 25, 1758."
Forbes Road, 1758, Fort Bedford to Fort Duquesne - Turtle Creek Defile
Not much is known about the Turtle Creek Defile on Forbes Road, aside from it being a stopping point on the historic road cut across the Pennsylvania wilderness from Carlisle to the Forks of the Ohio.Firsthand accounts from those who experienced the long journeys of the French and Indian War mention the treacherous crossing of defiles, which are tight, tiny passages between mountains or hills, where soldiers can only march in a narrow formation. They often exist near water sources, such as Turtle Creek.It is possible that this site warrants significance because an Indian ambush took place here. A portion of a journal kept by John Michael Lindenmuth, a German native and Pennsylvania soldier, describes an Indian attack somewhere between Nine Mile Run and Pittsburgh. In the entries, he mentions stopping near Turtle Creek for a meal, and noticing footprints and a brand new tomahawk at the encampment, which were signs that Indians had been nearby recently. He then describes the caregul march that had to be made in single file, which is consistent with information known about soldiers marching through defiles. Furthermore, the Indians attacked an advanced party of seven men sent out to scout, scalping them. The Indians then attacked the rest of the soldiers, a battle which lasted three hours and killed eight soldiers and four Indians.For more information about this battle at Murrysville, read Bob Cupp's article "Young soldier's journal chronicles Indian ambush."The Turtle Creek Defile plaque was dedicated in 1930. It reads: "Two and one-half miles to the eastward was located the Washington Camp. The Forbes Road leads northwestward to the Bouquet Encampment."
Forbes Road (Washington's Camp)
George Washington's Virginia army accompanied Forbes's army on his expeditions from Carlisle to Pittsburgh. Washington was opposed to Forbes's decision to cut his own road through the Pennsylvania wilderness, rather than use the road already established by Braddock.Perhaps this irritation was warranted. On November 12, Washington led a detachment of troops from Fort Ligonier into a field to reinforce another Virginia detachment that had engaged the French. Like other disastrous skirmishes, the British Army, unfamiliar with the territory, became confused at twilight. The two Virginia companies began firing at each other, and killed or wounded 40 of their own men. Washington had to restore order by riding his horse between the two regiments, shouting to command a cease fire. Despite the deadly mess, the Virginia companies were able to capture some French prisoners, who reported to Forbes that there was a weakness at Fort Duquesne. This information prompted Forbes to continue his push for Fort Duquesne, despite the lateness in the season and the impending winter.The Washington's Camp marker was dedicated on Wednesday, July 13, 1960. It reads: "On the hill one mile south was located the Washington Camp. This base for Forbes Road was built Nov. 1758 by Col. George Washington, “Commanding the Troops to ye Westward,” on the order of Colonel Henry Bouquet."
Bushy Run Battlefield
Just months after finishing the French and Indian War, in May 1763, the British were faced with another conflict: Pontiac's War, also known as Pontiac's Conspiracy or Pontiac's Rebellion. This conflict was spearheaded by a group of Native American who were unhappy with the British's postwar policies. The native warriors hope to drive the British out of the Ohio, Illinois, and Great Lakes regions.Fort Presque Isle (in present-day Erie), Fort Venango (near present-day Franklin), and Fort LeBoeuf (in present-day Waterford) were some of the first to fall. Fort Pitt came under siege in July 1763. Colonel Henry Bouqet, who served as General Forbes's second-in-command during the French and Indian War, led an army of about 500 troops from Carlisle to Fort Pitt, along Forbes Road, to lend aid. Bouquet and his troops stopped briefly at Fort Ligonier before marching on toward Fort Pitt. In an attempt to avoid surprise Indian attack, Bouquet's troops took a shortcut through Bushy Run. The detour did no good, and the men were attacked on August 5, about 25 miles east of Pittsburgh. This became known as the Battle of Bushy Run. Bouquet built a temporary fort out of flour bags carried by packhorses, and he was able to keep his troops from abandoning the field. However, the British still differed heavy casualties. The next morning, Bouquet's men faked a retreat to lure the Indians into the open, then attacked with musket fire and bayonets. Despite the battle and casualties, Bouquet's men achieved their goal. When they reached Fort Pitt days later, they found that the Indians abandoned the Fort to come fight Bouquet and the men at Bushy Run.The Bushy Run Battlefield marker was dedicated on Monday, September 14, 1964. It reads: "British and Americans under Col. Henry Bouquet defeated the Indians here, August 5-6, 1763, during the Pontiac War, and lifted the siege of Ft. Pitt."You, too, can visit Bushy Run Battlefield to explore the museum, take a battlefield tour, and see war reenactments. Visit their website for hours, ticket prices, and more information.
Twelve Mile Camp & Dagworthy's Camp
Twelve Mile Camp and Dagworthy's Camp (often called Grant's Paradise) were located nearby. Both were constructed in 1758. Twelve Mile Camp was one stopping point along Forbes Road. Additional significance of this place is unknown. It doesn't seem to be the site of any battle or meeting. Dagworthy's Camp did have some more impactful significance to the events of the French and Indian War. The site is often called Grant's Paradise because it was the starting point of Grant's journey to Fort Duquesne, where his army was ambushed and defeated, as we learned at the Grant's Hill stop. This camp also served as a military hospital, something not often mentioned in history surrounding the French and Indian War.The Twelve Mile Camp marker was dedicated on Tuesday, December 10, 1946. It reads: "George Washington in 1758 set up a camp a mile north of this point while building Forbes Road. In 1774 Fort Shippen was built at the same site."The missing Dagworthy's Camp marker was dedicated on Wednesday, July 17. 1946. It read: "Located one mile to the north, this post was built in 1758. The starting-point of Grant’s ill-fated raid on Fort Duquesne, it was the military hospital for his defeated, wounded men. Often called Grant’s Paradise."
Fort Ligonier
Fort Ligonier was the last fort built on Forbes Road, under military engineers Colonel James Burd and Captain Henry Gordon. It was named for Sir John Ligonier, an advisor to British Prime Minister William Pitt. Fort Ligonier was fifty miles from Fort Duquesne, at present-day Point State Park.Though Fort Ligonier was not at the pivitol point of the Forks of the Ohio, it was located on the Loyalhanna Creek, between Laurel Hill and Chestnut Ridge, the highest elevations on Forbes Road. This fort was almost built at Ninemile Run, closer to Fort Duquesne. Forbes wanted this last post to be a retreat for troops and a winter safehold, if necessary. Grant's disastrous defeat on September 14, convinced Forbes a fort at Ligonier was the right choice. Forbes had not authorized Grant's rendezvous, in which Grant himself was taken prisoner and a third of the force was killed. Fort Ligonier was attacked by Indians on October 22, 1758 (though some sources say October 12), but the fort itself withstood the attack and the people inside were prepared. This fort was also pivotal in Pontiac's War, serving as a base for Bouquet's army on the way to relieve Fort Pitt.The Fort Ligonier marker was dedicated on Tuesday, December 10, 1946. It reads: "Built here in 1758 as a base of Forbes expedition. Under Col. James Burd withstood French and Indian attack, Oct. 22, 1758. Only small fort in West not taken in Pontiac’s War, 1763, it made possible Bouquet’s rescue of Fort Pitt."The time has come once again for you to take a literal walk through history by visiting Fort Ligonier and its museum. Walk through the fort to experience life in the 1700s. Talk with museum staff and ask questions about specific buildings, and even see a preserved section of Forbes Road.
Forbes Road, 1758, Fort Bedford to Fort Duquesne - Fort Ligonier
This marker is included to show you the trajectory of Forbes Road. As the marker states, the road continued southwest from this point, down past Fort Ligonier. It is interesting to note that the plaque states Fort Ligonier was built 50 miles from Fort Bedford. Other sources claim it was also built 50 miles from Fort Duquesne, making the distance of Forbes Road (and the special Forbes Road markers we'll visit on this tour) 100 miles from start to finish.The Fort Ligonier plaque was dedicated in 1930. It reads: "Built by order of General Forbes. Was located 200 yards west of this marker. The road leads south-westward to 12 mile encampment. Eminent service was rendered here by Colonel Henry Bouquet and Colonel John Armstrong and in engagements with the French and Indians. Near this place Colonel George Washington, Colonel James Burd, and Lieutenant Colonel Hugh Mercer distinguished themselves, 50 miles from Fort Bedford."
Old Forbes Road Stone Marker & Sign
This marker, too, shows the trajectory of Forbes Road. It is believed Old Forbes Road, on which you will travel to reach your next destination, was part of the Original Road, now, of course, modernized and paved. Enjoy traveling in the British generals' footsteps!
Bullet's Defeat
Captain Thomas Bullet (Bullit or Bullitt according to some sources) was part of the company with George Washington's expedition in 1754, which ended with the battle at Fort Necessity, known as the Battle of the Great Meadows. He was also part of the Braddock Expedition defeat on July 9, 1755, and Grant's failed expedition that ended with his capture on Grant's Hill in 1758. Bullet, however, escaped his attackers and retreated to the woods. He rallied the militia and counterattacked the French and Indians. These actions led the French to abandon Fort Duquesne by November of the same year. Despite his crafty victory, Bullet met his own defeat on May 22, 1759. He and his troops were taking supplies from Fort Bedford to Fort Ligonier when they were attacked by French and Indian troops. Out of the 100 Virginians under Bullet's command, 40 died, and most of the supplies were lost as well.The Bullet's Defeat marker was dedicated on Tuesday, June 10, 2003. It reads: "French and Indian troops defeated a party of 100 Virginians under the command of Captain Thomas Bullet near here on May 22, 1759. Bullet and his troops were taking provisions from Bedford to Fort Ligonier when they were attacked. They suffered over 40 casualties and lost many of their supplies."
Forbes Road - The Clear Fields
Part of the reason General Forbes chose to make his own road from Carlisle to Fort Duquesne instead of using Braddock's road was because Braddock's did not have open spaces along the route. Forbes' army included not just soldiers but also cattle, horses, and pigs that helped transport and feed the army. However, the animals needed their own food, in the form of grazing in open meadows.The Clear Fields was a spot between Fort Bedford and Fort Ligonier that became an encampment for troops thanks to its easy access to meadows. A small fort, named Fort Dudgeon, was built on the site. The remnants of the fort have since been destroyed by strip mining.The Clear Fields marker was dedicated on Wednesday, January 30, 1952. It reads: "Good forage found at open camps such as this on the Raystown Path led General Forbes to prefer this route to Braddock’s Road. Site of Fort Dudgeon (Tomahawk Camp) is a short distance to the north."
Forbes Road, 1758, Fort Bedford to Fort Duquesne - Tomahawk Encampment Plaque
More information is not known about the Tomahawk encampment. This site does however show another point along the original Forbes Road. We can notice from this that current Route 30 does not follow the exact same path as the original Forbes Road, even though it does pass through all the same towns.The Tomahawk Encampment Plaque was dedicated in 1930. It reads: "At foot of Laurel Hill the Forbes Road leads northwestward to Fort Ligonier 35.5 miles from Fort Bedford."
Forbes Road - Stony Creek Encampment
The Stony Creek Encampment was one of the stops along the original Forbes Road where the troops stopped, rested, and regrouped on their way from Carlisle to Fort Duquesne. More information cannot be found about "The Ovens" supply headquarters. An educated guess would assume this camp was a supply stocking or restocking stop.The Stony Creek Encampment marker was dedicated on February 27, 1951. The marker reads: "A fortified supply depot known as the Stony Creek encampment or fort was a little north of here. The route then leads north to the foot of Laurel Hill, the site of Tomahawk camp."
Forbes Road, 1758, Fort Bedford to Fort Duquesne - Stony Creek Encampment Plaque
The Stony Creek Encampment was one of the stops along the original Forbes Road where the troops stopped, rested, and regrouped on their way from Carlisle to Fort Duquesne. More information cannot be found about "The Ovens" supply headquarters. An educated guess would assume this camp was a supply stocking or restocking stop. This plaque is presumed to be on the route of original Forbes Road.The Stony Creek Encamp plaque was dedicated in 1930. The plaque reads: "'The Ovens' supply headquarters fortifications were erected a few rods north of this site. The Forbes Road leads northward to the encampment at the foot of Laurel Hill. 23.5 miles from Fort Bedford."
Forbes Road, 1758, Fort Bedford to Fort Duquesne - Edmond's Swamp Plaque
The Edmond's Swamp (sometimes listed at Edmund's Swamp) was another encampment along Forbes Road, named for a swamp nearby in Shade Township. This plaque, like the others, is believed to be along the original tract of Forbes Road.The Edmond's Swamp Plaque was dedicated on Sunday, June 1, 1930. It reads: "The fort stood a few rods west of this marker. The Forbes Road leads westward to Stony Creek Encampment 10.5 miles from Fort Bedford."
Forbes Road - Edmunds Swamp
Edmund Cartlidge was one of the first Indian traders west of the Alleghenies. He made frequent trips to the Ohio Country. For many years, he worked with his brother John, trading with Potomac Indians along Monocacy Creek in Maryland. During one of their expeditions, the brothers encountered a Seneca Indian who was drunk on rum. In his agitated state, he attacked the brothers, killing John. Edmund continued trading with the Indians, even after his brother's death.This area was part of Cartlidge's trading path in the early 1700s. For that reason, this camp along Forbes Road was named after him.The Edmunds Swamp marker was dedicated on January 30, 1952. It reads: "Named for Edmund Cartlidge, Indian trader. A camp located here, on the Raystown Path, provided good grass for the horses of General Forbes’ army in 1758. The site of the redoubt is marked two and a half miles north of here."
Forbes Road - Fort Dewart
Colonel Henry Bouquet refered to this area as "that terrible mountain." In the 1700's, this land was made up of dense, dark forest, and steep mountainsides, making it a daunting climb for soldiers. General Forbes wanted to build a fort here as a place to rest, refuel, and store supplies for the journey ahead. Sometimes listed as Fort Duart, this place was named after a Scotish castle with the same name, and is supposedly the only remaining redoubt fort on the Forbes Road. Sadly, the remains are on private property, though once a year tours of the remaining remnants are offered.The Fort Dewart marker was dedicated on Wednesday, January 30, 1952. It reads: "“The fort on the top of Allegheny Hill” was erected in 1758 during the Gen. Forbes expedition against Fort Duquesne. The site is marked half a mile northeast of here, near the head of Breastwork Run."
Forbes Road, 1758, Fort Bedford to Fort Duquesne - Fort Dewart McLeans' Encampment (Missing Plaque)
The Fort Dewart, McLean's Encampment plaque is missing! Where it went, we don't know. We don't even have a picture of it, so enjoy this photo of the Fort Ligonier plaque, which is similar. The Fort Dewart plaque was dedicated in 1930, like the other Forbes Road plaques. It read: "Built by Colonel Henry Bouquet and Garrisoned for several years. The Forbes Road leads westward to Edmond’s Swamp, 17 miles from Fort Bedford."
Forbes Camp
We don't know much more about Forbes Camp beyond what the historical marker tells us. From what we can tell this is just one of many encampments along Forbes Road. The Forbes Camp marker was dedicated on Monday, November 17, 1947. It reads: "Near here was located Shawnee Cabins camp. Used by Gen. Forbes army in the campaign of 1758 against the French at Fort Duquesne in present Pittsburgh."
Forbes Road, 1758, Fort Bedford to Fort Duquesne - Shawnee Cabins Encampment (Plaque)
Like the marker just down the road, we don't have much additional information about Forbes Camp or Shawnee Cabins. Consider this another marking point along the original Forbes Road. It is possible this encampment was named for a nearby Indian village where the Shawnee camped out while trying to escape the Potomac Indians in the early 18th century.The Shawnee Cabins plaque was dedicated in 1930. It reads: "At this point the Forbes Road leads Southwestward to the Eastern Slope of the Allegheny Mountains, 8 ½ miles from Fort Bedford."
Forbes Road, 1758, Fort Bedford to Fort Duquesne - The Forks (Plaque)
Colonel James Burd was a road builder. He was known for cutting a supply route for Braddock's army from Shippensburg to Raystown, which is modern-day Bedford. Burd's road was supposed to connect with Braddock's Road, but Burd and his crew worked too slow and the connection was never made. Burd's road was abandonded when Colonel Dunbar evacuated Braddock's army to Philadelphia. Burd's efforts were not in vain. Forbes was able to pick up where Burd left off to create Forbes Road. Here is where the two roads meet, and Fork, with Forbes Road heading to the Point in Pittsburgh.The Forks plaque was dedicated in 1930. It reads: "And the road cut by Colonel James Burd, in 1755, and the Forbes Road diverged here. Forbes Road leading Southwestward to Shawnee Cabins Encampment 4 ½ miles from Fort Bedford."
Bedford Village
The town of Bedford was originally called Raystown, home to a trading post and Fort Bedford. Old Bedford Village was a key player in many important eras of history. You can visit the site, just north of here, for a tour.The Bedford Village marker was dedicated on Monday, June 2, 1947. It reads: "Settled about 1750, known then as Raystown. Site of an early trade post and Fort Bedford, 1758. Base for Forbes, Bouquet expeditions. In 1794 Washington here reviewed forces in Whiskey Rebellion."
Forbes Road, 1758, Fort Bedford to Fort Duquesne - Fort Bedford-Raystown (Plaque)
Fort Bedford was the hub of activity in the 1700s. It was the starting point of General Forbes' expedition to Fort Duquesne, and was a stopping point along Forbes Road. To learn more about Fort Bedford, continue to the next stop of the tour.The Fort Bedford-Raystown plaque was dedicated in 1930. It reads: "Depot of supplies assembling place of an army of nearly eight thousand men and the starting point of General John Forbes’ Expedition for the possession of Fort Duquesne. The road leads westward to the Forks."
Fort Bedford
General Forbes and his army built Fort Bedford in June 1758. It was named for the Duke of Bedford, and intended to be a supply post for his expedition to capture Fort Duquesne. Forbes and his army had a fairly easy time getting from Carlisle to Raystown, now Bedford, thanks to the road started by James Burd. Fort Bedford was an important communication and supply link for Forbes' army. It also attracted traders, merchants, and farmers to the surrounding town thanks to the security provided by the fort.Now it's your turn to take a trip through Fort Bedford (except on Tuesdays, they're closed!). There's no better way to learn about history than up close and personal.The Fort Bedford marker was dedicated on Friday, October 6, 1972. It reads: "First known as Raystown and built during the summer of 1758 by the forces of Col. Henry Bouquet, the fort was the rendezvous from which the expedition of Gen. Forbes advanced to occupy Fort Duquesne (Pittsburgh). Museum stands on the original site."
"King's House"
King's House is a footnote in the history of Bedford County. This two-story log structure was built in the early 1700s, and was occupied by officers at Fort Bedford until the end of the French and Indian War. It is likely that King's House was a taven, and used for eating, drinking, and lodging back in the day. King's House was also listed as a "refuge from Indians" until Fort Bedford (then known as Fort Rayston) was built. King's House, therefore was one of the oldest structures within the Bedford town limits. Over the years it became known as the "Old Fort House," the "Rising Sun Hotel" and the "Commandant's House." The original building burnt down in 1885. The "King's House" marker was dedicated on Thursday, March 1, 1951. It reads: "A log structure, built prior to 1761, stood on this site. Known, also, as the Commandant’s House; later as “Rising Sun Inn.” Occupied by British officers until close of French and Indian War. Destroyed by fire, Dec. 14, 1885."We can't seem to find the King's House marker itself. Can you?
Forbes Road - Washington & Bouquet Meeting
Near this site in July 1758, George Washington and General Henry Bouquet met to discuss which routes General Forbes' army would take to attack the French at Fort Duquesne. The men had a difference of opinion of which route to take. Washington, who traveled with Braddock's company during its defeat, proposed that the soldiers took a southern route like Braddock, dipping down near what is now the Maryland state line.Bouquet proposed a route that went straight west, through Bedford (then Raystown). Forbes chose to take the western route through Bedford, possibly in part from some persuasion from Bouquet, who joined Forbes on the mission. By the time the calvary reached Fort Duquesne, it had already been abandoned and burnt to the ground by the French.Thanks to the Library of Congress, you can read transcriptions of the actual correspondence letters between Washington and Bouquet leading up to their meeting.The Washington & Bouquet Meeting Plaque was dedicated on July 26, 2008. The plaque reads: "Near this site on July 30, 1758, Cols. Bouquet and Washington discussed proposed routes by which Gen. Forbes' army would attack French Ft. Duquesne. Bouquet preferred the route due west from Bedford, while Washington advocated Braddock's 1755 road to the south. Forbes himself chose the route from Bedford, and as a result occupied the ruins of Ft. Duquesne on Nov. 25, 1758. Forbes Road encouraged subsequent westward expansion through Pa.We can't find an image of the Washington & Bouquet plaque, can you?
Braddock Road (Missing Marker)
Braddock's Road extended from Fort Cumberland in present-day Maryland to the Monongahela River. On June 23, 1755, Braddock's flying column (another name for his army) passed just a bit northeast of this location after spending two days at Bear Camp in Maryland to cut a road in the side of the mountain. The goal of the mission was to reach the Forks of the Ohio, and Fort Duquesne before French reinforcements could arrive at the fort. Because of the rush, Braddock's army couldn't stop and build redoubts, or temporary forts, along the way. The Braddock Road marker was dedicated on June 1, 1969. It is now missing. It read: "General Braddock's flying column passed a little northeast of here on June 23, 1755, after pausing two days at Bear Camp in Maryland to cut a road in the side of the mountain. In order to reach Fort Duquesne before French reinforcements could arrive, no time was taken to erect strong redoubts along the way."
Great Crossings
In the days of the French and Indian War one of the biggest obstacles for soldiers was crossing rivers. This treacherous task could lead to hitting rocks, encountering deeper waters than expected, overturned wagons, ruiened supplies, and death by drowning. Couple that with climbing the large mountains of Fayette and Somerset Counties and unpredictable Pennsylvania weather, and it's a wonder the area was ever crossed at all.Great Crossings was considered the easiest place to cross the Youghiogheny River.
